Preface xv
Contributors xix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Ultra Wideband 1
Hüseyin Arslan and Maria-Gabriella Di Benedetto
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Benefits of UWB 2
1.1.2 Applications 3
1.1.3 Challenges 3
1.2 Scope of the Book 4
Chapter 2 UWB Channel Estimation and Synchronization 11
Irena Maravic and Martin Vetterli
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Channel Estimation at SubNyquist Sampling Rate 14
2.2.1 UWB Channel Model 14
2.2.2 Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation 15
2.2.3 Polynomial Realization of the Model-Based Methods 16
2.2.4 Subspace-Based Approach 20
2.2.5 Estimation of Closely Spaced Paths 24
2.3 Performance Evaluation 25
2.3.1 Analysis of Noise Sensitivity 25
2.3.2 Computational Complexity and Alternative Solutions 27
2.3.3 Numerical Example 28
2.4 Estimating UWB Channels with Frequency-Dependent Distortion 29
2.4.1 Algorithm Outline 31
2.5 Channel Estimation from Multiple Bands 32
2.5.1 Filter Bank Approach 32
2.5.2 Estimation from Nonadjacent Bands 32
2.6 Low-Complexity Rapid Acquisition in UWB Localizers 34
2.6.1 Two-Step Estimation 36
2.7 Conclusions 39
Chapter 3 Ultra Wideband Geolocation 43
Sinan Gezici, Zafer Sahinoglu, Hisashi Kobayashi, and H. Vincent Poor
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Signal Model 44
3.3 Positioning Techniques 44
3.3.1 Angle of Arrival 45
3.3.2 Received Signal Strength 49
3.3.3 Time-Based Approaches 51
3.4 Main Sources of Error in Time-Based Positioning 52
3.4.1 Multipath Propagation 52
3.4.2 Multiple Access Interference 53
3.4.3 Nonline-of-Sight Propagation 53
3.4.4 High Time Resolution of UWB Signals 54
3.5 Ranging and Positioning 55
3.5.1 Relationship Between Ranging and Optimal Positioning Algorithms 55
3.5.2 ToA Estimation Algorithms 58
3.5.3 Two-Way Ranging Protocols 69
3.6 Location-Aware Applications 70
3.7 Conclusions 71
Chapter 4 UWB Modulation Options 77
Hüseyin Arslan, Ismail Güenc¿, and Sadia Ahmed
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 UWB Signaling Techniques 78
4.2.1 UWB-IR Signaling 79
4.2.2 Multiband UWB 83
4.2.3 Multicarrier UWB 85
4.2.4 OFDM 85
4.3 Data Mapping 87
4.3.1 Binary Data Mapping Schemes 87
4.3.2 M-ary Data Mapping Schemes 89
4.4 Spectral Characteristics 91
4.5 Data Mapping and Transceiver Complexity 92
4.6 Modulation Performances in Practical Conditions 93
4.6.1 Effects of Multipath 93
4.6.2 Effects of Multiple Access Interference 95
4.6.3 Effects of Timing Jitter and Finger Estimation Error 96
4.7 Conclusion 99
Chapter 5 Ultra Wideband Pulse Shaper Design 103
Zhi Tian, Timothy N. Davidson, Xiliang Luo, Xianren Wu, and Georgios B. Giannakis
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Transmit Spectrum and Pulse Shaper 105
5.3 FIR Digital Pulse Design 108
5.4 Optimal UWB Single Pulse Design 110
5.4.1 Parks-McClellan Algorithm 110
5.4.2 Optimal UWB Pulse Design via Direct Maximization of NESP 111
5.4.3 Constrained Frequency Response Approximation 113
5.4.4 Constrained Frequency Response Design with Linear Phase Filters 114
5.5 Optimal UWB Orthogonal Pulse Design 115
5.5.1 Orthogonality Formulation 115
5.5.2 Sequential UWB Pulse Design 117
5.5.3 Sequential UWB Pulse Design with Linear Phase Filters 118
5.6 Design Examples and Comparisons 120
5.6.1 Single-Pulse Designs and their Spectral Utilization Efficiency 120
5.6.2 Multiband Pulse Design 122
5.6.3 Multiple Orthogonal Pulse Design 123
5.6.4 Pulse Designs for Narrowband Interference Avoidance 125
5.6.5 Impact of Pulse Designs on Transceiver Power Efficiency 126
5.7 Conclusions 128
Chapter 6 Antenna Issues 131
Zhi Ning Chen
6.1 Introduction 131
6.2 Design Considerations 132
6.2.1 Description of Antenna Systems 132
6.2.2 Single-Band and Multiband Schemes 134
6.2.3 Source Pulses 136
6.2.4 Transmit Antenna and PDS 136
6.2.5 Transmit-Receive Antenna System 141
6.3 Antenna and Pulse versus BER Performance 148
6.3.1 Pulsed UWB System 148
6.3.2 Effects of Antennas and Pulses 151
Chapter 7 Ultra Wideband Receiver Architectures 157
Hüseyin Arslan
7.1 Introduction 157
7.2 System Model 158
7.3 UWB Receiver Related Issues 160
7.3.1 Sampling 160
7.3.2 UWB Channel and Channel Parameters Estimation 161
7.3.3 Interference in UWB 164
7.3.4 Other Receiver-Related Issues 165
7.4 TH-IR-UWB Receiver Options 165
7.4.1 Optimal Matched Filter 167
7.4.2 TR-Based Scheme 171
7.4.3 Differential Detector 175
7.4.4 Energy Detector 176
7.5 Conclusion 178
Chapter 8 Ultra Wideband Channel Modeling and Its Impact on System Design 183
Chia-Chin Chong
8.1 Introduction 183
8.2 Principles and Background of UWB Multipath Propagation Channel Modeling 184
8.2.1 Basic Multipath Propagation Mechanisms 184
8.2.2 Classification of UWB Channel Models 185
8.3 Channel Sounding Techniques 187
8.3.1 Time-Domain Technique 187
8.3.2 Frequency-Domain Technique 188
8.4 UWB Statistical-Based Channel Modeling 189
8.4.1 Modeling Philosophy and Mathematical Framework 189
8.4.2 Large-Scale Channel Characterization 190
8.4.3 Small-Scale Channel Characterization 193
8.4.4 Temporal Dispersion and Correlation Properties 197
8.5 Impact of UWB Channel on System Design 199
8.6 Conclusion 200
Chapter 9 MIMO and UWB 205
Thomas Kaiser
9.1 Introduction 205
9.2 Potential Benefits of MIMO and UWB 206
9.3 Literature Review of UWB Multiantenna Techniques 208
9.3.1 Spatial Multiplexing 208
9.3.2 Spatial Diversity 209
9.3.3 Beamforming 209
9.3.4 Related Topics 210
9.4 Spatial Channel Measurements and Modeling 211
9.4.1 Spatial Channel Measurements 211
9.4.2 Spatial Channel Modeling 213
9.5 Spatial Multiplexing 215
9.6 Spatial Diversity 216
9.7 Beamforming 220
9.8 Conclusion and Outlook 223
Chapter 10 Multiple-Access Interference Mitigation in Ultra Wideband Systems 227
Sinan Gezici, Hisashi Kobayashi, and H. Vincent Poor
10.1 Introduction 227
10.2 Signal Model 228
10.2.1 Transmitted Signal 228
10.2.2 Received Signal 229
10.3 Multiple-Access Interference Mitigation at the Receiver Side 231
10.3.1 Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detection 232
10.3.2 Linear Receivers 232
10.3.3 Iterative (Turbo) Algorithms 240
10.3.4 Other Receiver Structures 243
10.4 Multiple-Access Interference Mitigation at the Transmitter Side 244
10.4.1 Time-Hopping Sequence Design for MAI Mitigation 245
10.4.2 Pseudochaotic Time Hopping 246
10.4.3 Multistage Block-Spreading UWB Access 247
10.5 Concluding Remarks 248
Chapter 11 Narrowband Interference Issues in Ultra Wideband Systems 255
Hüseyin Arslan and Mustafa E. Sahin
11.1 Introduction 255
11.2 Effect of NBI in UWB Systems 258
11.3 Avoiding NBI 261
11.3.1 Multicarrier Approach 261
11.3.2 Multiband Schemes 263
11.3.3 Pulse Shaping 264
11.3.4 Other NBI Avoidance Methods 266
11.4 Canceling NBI 267
11.4.1 MMSE Combining 268
11.4.2 Frequency Domain Techniques 268
11.4.3 Time-Frequency Domain Techniques 269
11.4.4 Time Domain Techniques 270
11.5 Conclusion and Future Research 271
Chapter 12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Ultra Wideband Communications 277
Ebrahim Saberina and Ahmed H. Tewfik
12.1 Introduction 277
12.2 Multiband OFDM System 278
12.2.1 Band Planning 278
12.2.2 Sub-Band Hopping 278
12.2.3 OFDM Modulation 280
12.2.4 Frequency Repetition Spreading 280
12.2.5 Time Repetition Spreading 280
12.2.6 Coding 281
12.2.7 Supported Bit Rates 281
12.2.8 MB-OFDM Transceiver 282
12.2.9 Improvement to MB-OFDM 283
12.3 Multiband Pulsed-OFDM UWB system 284
12.3.1 Pulsed-OFDM Transmitter 284
12.3.2 Pulsed-OFDM Signal Spectrum 284
12.3.3 Digital Equivalent Model and Diversity of Pulsed-OFDM 286
12.3.4 Pulsed-OFDM Receiver 288
12.3.5 Selecting the Up-sampling Factor 289
12.4 Comparing MB-OFDM and MB-Pulsed-OFDM systems 290
12.4.1 System Parameters 290
12.4.2 Complexity Comparision 290
12.4.3 Power Consumption Comparison 290
12.4.4 Chip Area Comparison 291
12.4.5 Performance Comparison 293
12.5 Conclusion 295
Chapter 13 UWB Networks and Applications 297
Krishna M. Sivalingam and Aniruddha Rangnekar
13.1 Introduction 297
13.2 Background 298
13.2.1 UWB Physical Layer 298
13.2.2 IEEE 802.15.3 Standards 299
13.3 Medium Access Protocols 300
13.3.1 IEEE 802.15.3 MAC Protocol 300
13.3.2 Impact of UWB Channel Acquisition Time 303
13.3.3 Multiple Channels 305
13.4 Network Applications 310
13.5 Summary and Discussion 311
Acknowledgments 311
Chapter 14 Low-Bit-Rate UWB Networks 315
Luca DeNardis and Gian Mario Maggio
14.1 Low Data-Rate UWB Network Applications 315
14.1.1 802.15.4a: A Short History 315
14.1.2 The 802.15.4a PHY 316
14.1.3 PHY: 802.15.4a versus 802.15.4 316
14.1.4 Technical Requirements 317
14.1.5 Applications 319
14.2 The 802.15.4 MAC Standard 321
14.2.1 Network Devices and Topologies 321
14.2.2 Medium Access Strategy 322
14.2.3 From 802.15.4 to 802.15.4a 324
14.3 Advanced MAC Design for Low-Bit-Rate UWB Networks 324
14.3.1 (UWB)2: Uncoordinated, Wireless, Baseborn Medium Access for UWB Communication Networks 325
14.3.2 Transmission Procedure 328
14.3.3 Reception Procedure 331
14.3.4 Simulation Results 333
Chapter 15 An Overview of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 341
David A. Sumy, Branimir Vojcic, and Jinghao Xu
15.1 Introduction 341
15.2 Ad Hoc Networks 343
15.3 Routing in MANETs 345
15.4 Proactive Routing 345
15.4.1 DSDV 346
15.4.2 WRP 348
15.4.3 CGSR 350
15.4.4 STAR 351
15.4.5 HSR 352
15.4.6 OLSR 355
15.4.7 TBRPF 356
15.4.8 DREAM 358
15.4.9 GSR 360
15.4.10 FSR 360
15.4.11 HR 362
15.4.12 HSLS and A-HSLS 363
15.5 Reactive Routing 364
15.5.1 DSR 365
15.5.2 ARA 367
15.5.3 ABR 369
15.5.4 AODV 372
15.5.5 BSR 374
15.5.6 CHAMP 376
15.5.7 DYMO 377
15.5.8 DNVR 378
15.5.9 LAR 380
15.5.10 LBR 381
15.5.11 MPABR 383
15.5.12 NDMR 384
15.5.13 PLBM 385
15.5.14 RDMAR 387
15.5.15 SOAR 388
15.5.16 TORA 391
15.6 Power-Aware Routing 393
15.6.1 BEE 394
15.6.2 EADSR 395
15.6.3 MTPR/MBCR/MMBCR/CMMBCR 395
15.6.4 PARO 396
15.6.5 PAWF 398
15.6.6 MFP/MIP/MFPenergy/MIPenergy 400
15.7 Hybrid Routing 400
15.7.1 MultiWARP 401
15.7.2 SHARP 402
15.7.3 SLURP 403
15.7.4 ZRP 406
15.7.5 AZRP 408
15.7.6 IZR 408
15.7.7 TZRP 408
15.8 Other 410
15.9 Conclusion 411
Appendix 418
Chapter 16 Adaptive UWB Systems 429
Francesca Cuomo and Crishna Martello
16.1 Introduction 429
16.1.1 Related Work on Adaptive UWB Systems 431
16.2 A Distributed Power-Regulated Admission Control Scheme for UWB 432
16.2.1 Problem Formalization 434
16.2.2 Power Selection in UWB 435
16.2.3 Steps of the Access Scheme 438
16.3 Performance Analysis 439
16.3.1 Impact of the Initial MEI on Performance of MEI-Based Power Regulation Schemes 442
16.3.2 Performance Behavior as a Function of the Offered Load 445
16.4 Summary 449
Chapter 17 UWB Location and Tracking-A Practical Example of an UWB-Based Sensor Network 451
Ian Oppermann, Kegen Yu, Alberto Rabbachin, Lucian Stoica, Paul Cheong, Jean-Philippe Montillet, and Sakari Tiuraniemi
17.1 Introduction 451
17.2 Multiple Access in UWB Sensor Systems 452
17.2.1 Location/Ranging Support 453
17.2.2 Constraints and Implications of UWB Technologies on MAC Design 453
17.3 UWB Sensor Network Case Study 454
17.4 System Description-UWEN 456
17.4.1 Communications System 456
17.4.2 Transmitted Signal 456
17.4.3 Framing Structure 458
17.4.4 Location Approach 458
17.5 System Implementation 459
17.5.1 Transceiver Overview 459
17.5.2 Transmitter 460
17.5.3 UWB Pulse Generator 462
17.6 Location System 463
17.7 Position Calculation Methods 468
17.8 Tracking Moving Objects 473
17.8.1 Simulation Results 474
17.9 Conclusion 476
Acknowledgments 477
Index 481
