Preface xvii
Contributors xxi
An Introduction to Systems Engineering and Systems Management 1
Andrew P. Sage and William B. Rouse
Systems Engineering 2
Importance of Technical Direction and Systems Management 6
Additional Definitions of Systems Engineering 9
Life-Cycle Methodologies, or Processes, for Systems Engineering 23
The Rest of the Handbook of Systems Engineering and Management 31
Knowledge Map of the Systems Engineering and Management Handbook 50
The Many Dimensions of Systems Engineering 55
People, Organizations, Technology, and Architectures and System Families 56
References 62
1 Systems Engineering Life Cycles: Life Cycles for Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation; Acquisition; and Planning and Marketing 65
F. G. Patterson, Jr.
1.1 Introduction 65
1.2 Classification of Organizational Processes 69
1.3 Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation Life Cycles 72
1.4 System Acquisition or Production Life Cycles 76
1.5 The Planning and Marketing Life Cycle 86
1.6 Software Acquisition life-Cycle Models 88
1.7 Trends in Systems Engineering Life Cycles 96
1.8 Conclusion 108
2 Systems Engineering Management: The Multidisciplinary Discipline 117
Aaron J. Shenhar and Brian Sauser
2.1 Introduction 117
2.2 Defining Systems Engineering Management 118
2.3 Activities and Roles of the Systems Engineering Manager 120
2.4 Toward a Comprehensive Framework for the Implementation of Systems Engineering Management: The Four-Dimensional "Diamond Taxonomy"-NTCP 123
2.5 Different Systems Engineering Management Roles for Various Project Types 131
2.6 The Skills, Tools, and Disciplines Involved in Systems Engineering Management 145
2.7 Developing Educational and Training Programs in Systems Engineering Management 147
2.8 Conclusion 150
3 Risk Management 155
Yacov Y. Haimes
3.1 The Process of Risk Assessment and Management 155
3.2 The Holistic Approach to Risk Analysis 157
3.3 Risk of Extreme Events 167
3.4 The Partitioned Multiobjective Risk Method 171
3.5 The Characteristics of Risk in Human-Engineered Systems 180
3.6 Selected Cases of Risk-Based Engineering Problems 181
3.7 Conclusion 200
4 Discovering System Requirements 205
A. Terry Bahill and Frank F. Dean
4.1 Introduction 205
4.2 Stating The Problem 205
4.3 What Are Requirements? 209
4.4 Qualities of a Good Requirement 210
4.5 Characterization of Requirements 216
4.6 The Requirements Development and Management Process 227
4.7 Fitting the Requirements Process into the Systems Engineering Process 243
4.8 Related Items 245
4.9 Requirements Volatility 247
4.10 Inspections 248
4.11 A Heuristic Example of Requirements 249
4.12 The Hybrid Process for Capturing Requirements 250
4.13 Conclusion 264
5 Configuration Management 267
Peggy S. Brouse
5.1 Introduction 267
5.2 Configuration Management within the System Life Cycle 271
5.3 Configuration Status Accounting and Configuration Auditing 281
5.4 Configuration Management Responsibilities 283
5.5 Configuration Management in Process Improvement 283
5.6 Configuration Management Tools 286
5.7 Conclusion 289
6 Cost Management 291
Benjamin S. Blanchard
6.1 Introduction 291
6.2 Life-Cycle Costing 291
6.3 Functional Economic Analysis 298
6.4 Work Breakdown Structure 301
6.5 Activity-Based Costing 306
6.6 Cost and Effectiveness Analysis 310
6.7 System Evaluation and Cost Control 320
6.8 Conclusion 321
7 Total Quality Management 325
James L. Melsa
7.1 Introduction 325
7.2 Historical Background of the Quality Movement 328
7.3 Total Quality Management Tools 330
7.4 Total Quality Management Philosophies 332
7.5 Conclusion 349
8 Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability 361
Michael Pecht
8.1 Introduction and Motivation 361
8.2 Evolution of RMA Engineering 362
8.3 Allocation 363
8.4 Design for Reliability 363
8.5 System Reliability Assessment Modeling 385
8.6 Fault Trees 390
8.7 Design for Maintainability 390
8.8 Data Collection, Classification, and Reporting 392
8.9 Warranties and Life-Cycle Costs 393
8.10 Operational Readiness and Availability 393
9 Concurrent Engineering 397
Andrew Kusiak and Nick Larson
9.1 Introduction 397
9.2 Concurrent Engineering and the Product Life Cycle 398
9.3 Building a Concurrent Engineering Environment: A Systems Engineering Perspective 399
9.4 Managing a Concurrent Engineering Environment: Tools and Techniques 425
9.5 Implementation 433
9.6 Concurrnt Engineering in the Future 434
9.7 Conclusion 435
10 Engineering the Enterprise as a System 441
William B. Rouse
10.1 Introduction 441
10.2 Essential Challenges 442
10.3 Enterprise Transformation 445
10.4 Enterprises as Systems 451
10.5 Transformation Framework 454
10.6 Implications for Systems Engineering and Management 457
10.7 Conclusion 458
11 Standards in Systems Engineering 463
Stephen C. Lowell
11.1 Introduction 463
11.2 Definition 463
11.3 Historical Highlights of Standards in the United States 463
11.4 Reasons for Using Specifications and Standards 465
11.5 Proper Application of Specifications and Standards 467
11.6 Selection and Development of Specifications and Standards 468
11.7 Useful Standards in the Systems Engineering Process 477
11.8 Locating and Obtaining Specifications and Standards 477
12 System Architectures 479
Alexander H. Levis
12.1 Introduction 479
12.2 Definition of Architectures 481
12.3 Structured Analysis Approach 483
12.4 The Executable Model 491
12.5 Physical Architecture 493
12.6 Performance Evaluation 495
12.7 Object-Oriented Approach 496
12.8 Architecture Evaluation 501
12.9 The DoD Architecture Framework 503
12.10 Conclusion 504
13 Systems Design 507
K. Preston White, Jr.
13.1 Introduction 507
13.2 What is Systems Design? 508
13.3 Steps in the Design process 508
13.4 Design Tools 517
13.5 A Brief History of Recent Design Theory 519
13.6 Design and Concurrent Engineering 521
14 Systems Integration 535
James D. Palmer
14.1 Introduction 535
14.2 Systems Integration in Large, Complex Engineered Systems and a Systems Integration Life Cycle 538
14.3 Systems Integration Management and Technical Skills and Training Requirements 542
14.4 Systems Integration Strategy for Success 545
14.5 The Audit Trail 552
14.6 Quality Assurance in Systems Integration 555
14.7 Subcontractor Management for Systems Integration 559
14.8 Subsystem Integration and Delivery 561
14.9 Risk Management 564
14.10 The Lead Systems Integrator 568
15 Systematic Measurements 575
Andrew P. Sage
15.1 Introduction 575
15.2 Organizational Needs for Systematic Measurement 577
15.3 Measurement Needs 578
15.4 Organizational Measurements 587
15.5 Metrics from Widely Accepted Standards, Awards, and Government Requirements 590
15.6 Selected Measurement Approaches 609
15.7 Systematic Measurements of Customer Satisfaction 617
15.8 Systematic Measurements of Effort, Cost, and Schedule 625
15.9 Systematic Measurements of Defects 625
15.10 Metrics Process Maturity 626
15.11 Information Technology and Organizational Performance Measurement 631
15.12 Conclusion 639
16 Human Supervisory Control 645
Thomas B. Sheridan
16.1 Introduction 645
16.2 Task Analysis and Function Allocation 648
16.3 The Phases of Supervisory Control 652
16.4 Examples of Supervisory Control Applications and Problems 662
16.5 Adaptive Automation 674
16.6 Overview Considerations of Supervisory Control 676
16.7 Conclusion 685
17 Designing for Cognitive Task Performance 691
Judith M. Orasanu and Michael G. Shafto
17.1 Introduction 691
17.2 Cognitive Constraints on System Design 693
17.3 Reduction to Practice 705
17.4 Conclusion 715
18 Modeling Organizational and Individual Decision Making 723
Kathleen M. Carley and Terrill L. Frantz
18.1 Introduction 723
18.2 Computational Organization Theory 726
18.3 Modeling the Individual 730
18.4 Modeling the Organization 741
18.5 Computational Tools 745
18.6 Implications for Systems Engineering and Management 747
18.7 Conclusion 748
19 Organizational Simulation 763
William B. Rouse and Douglas A. Bodner
19.1 Introduction 763
19.2 Scope of Organizational Simulation 764
19.3 State of the Art 766
19.4 Case Studies 768
19.5 Conclusion 790
20 Organizational Change: The Role of Culture and Leadership 793
Charles S. Harris, Betty K. Hart, and Joyce Shields
20.1 Introduction 793
20.2 Setting the Context: Culture 795
20.3 The Role of Leadership 800
20.4 Applying the Change Model 804
20.5 Profiles in Change 824
20.6 Conclusion 831
21 Model-Based Design of Human Interaction with Complex Systems 837
Christine M. Mitchell and David W. Roberts
21.1 Introduction 837
21.2 Human Interaction with Complex Systems: The Systems, Tasks, and Users 837
21.3 Emerging Technology and Design 838
21.4 Human-System Interaction Issues 840
21.5 Model-Based Design: Operator 847
21.6 Model-Based Design Using the Operator Function Model 860
21.7 Ofm-Based Design: Illustrative Applications 875
21.8 Team-OFM 889
21.9 Basic Research and Operational Relevance to Real-World Design 894
21.10 Conclusion 899
22 Evaluation of Systems 909
James M. Tien
22.1 Introduction 909
22.2 Evaluation Field 910
22.3 Evaluation Framework 911
22.4 Evaluation Design Elements 914
22.5 Evaluation Modeling 918
22.6 Conclusion 920
23 Systems Reengineering 923
Andrew P. Sage
23.1 Introduction 923
23.2 Definition of and Perspectives on Reengineering 925
23.3 Overview of Reengineering Approaches 931
23.4 Conclusion 1013
24 Issue Formulation 1027
James E. Armstrong, Jr.
24.1 Introduction: Problem and Issue Formulation 1027
24.2 Situation Assessment 1027
24.3 Problem or Issue Identification 1032
24.4 Value System Design 1043
24.5 Iteration of The Design 1053
24.6 Generation of Potential Alternatives or System Synthesis 1070
24.7 Alternatives and Feasibility Studies 1082
24.8 Conclusion 1085
25 Functional Analysis 1091
Dennis M. Buede
25.1 Introduction 1091
25.2 Elements of Functional Analysis 1091
25.3 Functional Decomposition 1092
25.4 The Systems Engineering Requirements Statement and Functional Analysis 1096
25.5 Diagrams and Software for Functional Analysis 1109
25.6 Conclusion 1125
26 Methods for the Modeling and Analysis of Alternatives 1127
C. Els Van Daalen, Wil A. H. Thissen, Alexander Verbraeck, and Pieter W. G. Bots
26.1 Introduction 1127
26.2 Quantitative Models and Methods 1128
26.3 Physical System Models 1134
26.4 System Dynamics 1141
26.5 Discrete-Event Simulation Models 1145
26.6 Agent-Based Models 1150
26.7 Economic Models of Costs and Benefits 1155
26.8 Evaluation and Discussion 1161
27 Operations Research and Refinement of Courses of Action 1171
Keith W. Hipel, D. Marc Kilgour, Siamak Rajabi, and Ye Chen
27.1 Introduction 1171
27.2 Operations Research 1171
27.3 Operations Research and Systems Engineering 1176
27.4 Operations Research Methods 1178
27.5 Generating and Screening Actions 1189
27.6 Multiple-Criteria Decision Making 1192
27.7 Multiple-Participant Decision Making 1202
27.8 Heuristic Programming 1210
27.9 Conclusions 1214
28 Decision Analysis 1223
Craig W. Kirkwood
28.1 Introduction 1223
28.2 Structuring Objectives 1223
28.3 Developing Alternatives 1228
28.4 Value Analysis 1232
28.5 Decisions With Uncertainty 1238
28.6 Multiple Objectives and Uncertainty 1245
28.7 Decision Analysis Software 1246
28.8 Conclusion 1247
29 Project Planning: Planning for Action 1251
Ruth Buys
29.1 Introduction 1251
29.2 Network-Based Systems Planning and Project Management 1253
29.3 Pricing and Estimating 1256
29.4 Risk and Cost Control 1260
29.5 Maintenance and Support 1267
29.6 Software for Planning Support 1269
29.7 Presentation and Communication of Results of Systems Planning 1272
29.8 Project Planning Pitfalls 1275
29.9 Conclusion 1279
30 Complex Adaptive Systems in Systems Engineering and Management 1283
Sarah Sheard
30.1 Introduction 1283
30.2 Order: Newtonian and Mechanical Systems 1286
30.3 History and Principles of Chaos 1289
30.4 Between Order and Chaos 1291
30.5 Complexity and Complex Systems 1292
30.6 Complex Adaptive Systems 1294
30.7 Small Worlds, Scale-Free Networks, Power Laws, and Evolving Fitness Landscapes 1297
30.8 Principles of Complex Systems for Systems Engineering 1303
30.9 Principles for Management of Complex Adaptive Systems Engineering Efforts 1309
30.10 Conclusion 1315
31 Human Systems Integration 1319
Harold R. Booher, Robert J. Beaton, and Frances Greene
31.1 Introduction 1319
31.2 HSI Concept 1320
31.3 HSI Assessment Principles and Factors 1326
31.4 HSI Business Case 1332
31.5 HSI Process in Systems Engineering 1339
31.6 Conclusion 1355
32 Model-Based Systems Engineering 1361
David W. Oliver, James F. Andary, and Harold Frisch
32.1 Introduction 1361
32.2 A Selected History of The Modeling of Systems 1364
32.3 A Semantic Glossary and Model for Systems Engineering Concepts 1370
32.4 Product Data Management 1393
32.5 Ontologies 1396
32.6 Conclusion 1398
33 Using the Design Structure Matrix to Design Program Organizations 1401
Tyson R. Browning
33.1 Introduction 1401
33.2 A Framework for Organizational Integration 1403
33.3 Organizational Integration Analysis with the Design Structure Matrix 1405
33.4 A Systematic Approach to Designing Programs for organizational Integration 1413
33.5 Implementation barriers 1420
33.6 Conclusion 1420
34 Information Technology and Knowledge Management 1425
William B. Rouse and Andrew P. Sage
34.1 Introduction 1425
34.2 Trends 1428
34.3 Scenarios 1433
34.4 Eleven Challenges 1437
34.5 Ecological Approaches to the Challenges 1450
34.6 Conclusion 1457
References 1457
Index 1463
