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Produktbild: Bioinorganic Chemistry -- Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life

Bioinorganic Chemistry -- Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life An Introduction and Guide

Aus der Reihe Inorganic Chemistry: A Textbook Series

231,99 €

inkl. gesetzl. MwSt., Versandkostenfrei

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

21.10.2013

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Seitenzahl

426

Maße (L/B/H)

24,6/19,1/2,5 cm

Gewicht

1080 g

Auflage

2nd Revised edition

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-470-97524-4

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

21.10.2013

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Seitenzahl

426

Maße (L/B/H)

24,6/19,1/2,5 cm

Gewicht

1080 g

Auflage

2nd Revised edition

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-0-470-97524-4

Herstelleradresse

Libri GmbH
Europaallee 1
36244 Bad Hersfeld
DE

Email: GPSR Kontakt

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  • Produktbild: Bioinorganic Chemistry -- Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life
  • Preface to the Second Edition xi

    Preface to the First Edition xiii

    1 Historical Background, Current Relevance and Perspectives 1

    References 6

    2 Some General Principles 7

    2.1 Occurrence and Availability of Inorganic Elements in Organisms 7

    Insertion: The Chelate Effect 14

    Insertion: "Hard" and "Soft" Coordination Centers 14

    2.2 Biological Functions of Inorganic Elements 14

    2.3 Biological Ligands for Metal Ions 16

    2.3.1 Coordination by Proteins: Comments on Enzymatic Catalysis 17

    Insertion: The "Entatic State" in Enzymatic Catalysis 20

    2.3.2 Tetrapyrrole Ligands and Other Macrocycles 22

    Insertion: Electron Spin States in Transition Metal Ions 28

    2.3.3 Nucleobases, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids (RNA, DNA) as Ligands 31

    Insertion: Secondary Bonding 32

    2.4 Relevance of Model Compounds 34

    References 34

    3 Cobalamins, Including Vitamin and Coenzyme B12 37

    3.1 History and Structural Characterization 37

    Insertion: Bioorganometallics I [1] 38

    3.2 General Reactions of Alkylcobalamins 41

    3.2.1 One-electron Reduction and Oxidation 41

    3.2.2 Co-C Bond Cleavage 42

    Insertion: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance I 43

    3.3 Enzyme Functions of Cobalamins 45

    3.3.1 Adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl)-dependent Isomerases 45

    Insertion: Organic Redox Coenzymes 48

    3.3.2 Alkylation Reactions of Methylcobalamin (MeCbl)-dependent Alkyl Transferases 51

    3.4 Model Systems and the Enzymatic Activation of the Co-C Bond 52

    References 53

    4 Metals at the Center of Photosynthesis: Magnesium and Manganese 57

    4.1 Volume and Efficiency of Photosynthesis 57

    4.2 Primary Processes in Photosynthesis 59

    4.2.1 Light Absorption (Energy Acquisition) 59

    4.2.2 Exciton Transport (Directed Energy Transfer) 59

    4.2.3 Charge Separation and Electron Transport 62

    Insertion: Structure Determination by X-ray Diffraction 62

    4.3 Manganese-catalyzed Oxidation of Water to O2 68

    Insertion: Spin-Spin Coupling 73

    References 75

    5 The Dioxygen Molecule, O2: Uptake, Transport and Storage of an Inorganic Natural Product 77

    5.1 Molecular and Chemical Properties of Dioxygen, O2 77

    5.2 Oxygen Transport and Storage through Hemoglobin and Myoglobin 82

    5.3 Alternative Oxygen Transport in Some Lower Animals: Hemerythrin and Hemocyanin 92

    5.3.1 Magnetism 92

    5.3.2 Light Absorption 93

    5.3.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy 93

    Insertion: Resonance Raman Spectroscopy 93

    5.3.4 M¨ossbauer Spectroscopy 94

    Insertion: M¨ossbauer Spectroscopy 94

    5.3.5 Structure 95

    5.4 Conclusion 96

    References 96

    6 Catalysis through Hemoproteins: Electron Transfer, Oxygen Activation and Metabolism of Inorganic Intermediates 99

    6.1 Cytochromes 101

    6.2 Cytochrome P-450: Oxygen Transfer from O2 to Nonactivated Substrates 103

    6.3 Peroxidases: Detoxification and Utilization of Doubly Reduced Dioxygen 108

    6.4 Controlling the Reaction Mechanism of the Oxyheme Group: Generation and Function of Organic Free Radicals 110

    6.5 Hemoproteins in the Catalytic Transformation of Partially Reduced Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 112

    Insertion: Gasotransmitters 113

    References 114

    7 Iron-Sulfur and Other Non-heme Iron Proteins 117

    7.1 Biological Relevance of the Element Combination Iron-Sulfur 117

    Insertion: Extremophiles and Bioinorganic Chemistry 118

    7.2 Rubredoxins 122

    7.3 [2Fe-2S] Centers 122

    7.4 Polynuclear Fe/S Clusters: Relevance of the Protein Environment and Catalytic Activity 123

    7.5 Model Systems for Fe/S Proteins 128

    7.6 Iron-containing Enzymes without Porphyrin or Sulfide Ligands 130

    7.6.1 Iron-containing Ribonucleotide Reductase 130

    7.6.2 Soluble Methane Monooxygenase 132

    7.6.3 Purple Acid Phosphatases (Fe/Fe and Fe/Zn) 133

    7.6.4 Mononuclear Non-heme Iron Enzymes 133

    References 135

    8 Uptake, Transport and Storage of an Essential Element, as Exemplified by Iron 139

    Insertion: Metallome 139

    8.1 The Problem of Iron Mobilization: Oxidation States, Solubility and Medical Relevance 140

    8.2 Siderophores: Iron Uptake by Microorganisms 141

    Insertion: Optical Isomerism in Octahedral Complexes 144

    8.3 Phytosiderophores: Iron Uptake by Plants 149

    8.4 Transport and Storage of Iron 150

    8.4.1 Transferrin 152

    8.4.2 Ferritin 155

    8.4.3 Hemosiderin 159

    References 160

    9 Nickel-containing Enzymes: The Remarkable Career of a Long-overlooked Biometal 163

    9.1 Overview 163

    9.2 Urease 164

    9.3 Hydrogenases 166

    9.4 CO Dehydrogenase = CO Oxidoreductase = Acetyl-CoA Synthase 169

    9.5 Methyl-coenzyme M Reductase (Including the F430 Cofactor) 172

    Insertion: Natural and Artificial (Industrial) C1 Chemistry 174

    Insertion: Bioorganometallics II: The Organometallic Chemistry of Cobalt and Nickel 176

    9.6 Superoxide Dismutase 177

    9.7 Model Compounds 178

    Further Reading 178

    References 179

    10 Copper-containing Proteins: An Alternative to Biological Iron 183

    10.1 Type 1: "Blue" Copper Centers 186

    Insertion: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance II 187

    10.2 Type 2 and Type 3 Copper Centers in O2-activating Proteins: Oxygen Transport and Oxygenation 191

    10.3 Copper Proteins as Oxidases/Reductases 195

    10.4 Cytochrome c Oxidase 200

    10.5 Cu,Zn- and Other Superoxide Dismutases: Substrate-specific Antioxidants 203

    References 207

    11 Biological Functions of the "Early" Transition Metals: Molybdenum, Tungsten, Vanadium and Chromium 211

    11.1 Oxygen Transfer through Tungsten- and Molybdenum-containing Enzymes 211

    11.1.1 Overview 211

    11.1.2 Oxotransferase Enzymes Containing the Molybdopterin or Tungstopterin Cofactor 213

    Insertion: "Oxidation" 214

    11.2 Metalloenzymes in the Biological Nitrogen Cycle: Molybdenum-dependent Nitrogen Fixation 219

    11.3 Alternative Nitrogenases 226

    11.4 Biological Vanadium Outside of Nitrogenases 229

    11.5 Chromium(III) in the Metabolism? 231

    References 232

    12 Zinc: Structural and Gene-regulatory Functions and the Enzymatic Catalysis of Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions 235

    12.1 Overview 235

    12.2 Carboanhydrase 238

    12.3 Carboxypeptidase A and Other Hydrolases 243

    12.4 Catalysis of Condensation Reactions by Zinc-containing Enzymes 248

    12.5 Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Related Enzymes 249

    12.6 The "Zinc Finger" and Other Gene-regulatory Zinc Proteins 251

    12.7 Insulin, hGH, Metallothionein and DNA Repair Systems as Zinc-containing Proteins 253

    References 254

    13 Unequally Distributed Electrolytes: Function and Transport of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Cations 257

    13.1 Characterization and Biological Roles of K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ 257

    Insertion: Heteroatom Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 262

    13.2 Complexes of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ions with Macrocycles 264

    13.3 Ion Channels 267

    13.4 Ion Pumps 270

    Further Reading 273

    References 273

    14 Catalysis and Regulation of Bioenergetic Processes by the Alkaline Earth Metal Ions Mg2+ and Ca2+ 277

    14.1 Magnesium: Catalysis of Phosphate Transfer by Divalent Ions 277

    14.2 The Ubiquitous Regulatory Role of Ca2+ 283

    Further Reading 291

    References 291

    15 Biomineralization: The Controlled Assembly of "Advanced Materials" in Biology 295

    15.1 Overview 295

    15.2 Nucleation and Crystal Growth 299

    Insertion: Dimensions 300

    15.3 Examples of Biominerals 301

    15.3.1 Calcium Phosphate in the Bones of Vertebrates and the Global P Cycle 301

    Insertion: The Global P Cycle 305

    15.3.2 Calcium Carbonate and the Global Inorganic C Cycle 306

    Insertion: The Global C Cycle and the Marine Inorganic C Cycle 307

    15.3.3 Amorphous Silica 308

    15.3.4 Iron Biominerals 309

    15.3.5 Strontium and Barium Sulfates 310

    15.4 Biomimetic Materials 310

    Further Reading 311

    References 311

    16 Biological Functions of the Nonmetallic Inorganic Elements 315

    16.1 Overview 315

    16.2 Boron 315

    16.3 Silicon 315

    16.4 Arsenic and Trivalent Phosphorus 316

    16.5 Bromine 317

    16.6 Fluorine 317

    16.7 Iodine 318

    16.8 Selenium 320

    References 324

    17 The Bioinorganic Chemistry of the Quintessentially Toxic Metals 327

    17.1 Overview 327

    17.2 Lead 329

    17.3 Cadmium 332

    17.4 Thallium 334

    17.5 Mercury 335

    17.6 Aluminum 340

    17.7 Beryllium 342

    17.8 Chromium and Tungsten 343

    17.9 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 344

    Further Reading 345

    References 345

    18 Biochemical Behavior of Radionuclides and Medical Imaging Using Inorganic Compounds 349

    18.1 Radiation Risks and Medical Benefits from Natural and Synthetic Radionuclides 349

    18.1.1 The Biochemical Impact of Ionizing Radiation from Radioactive Isotopes 349

    18.1.2 Natural and Synthetic Radioisotopes 350

    18.1.3 Bioinorganic Chemistry of Radionuclides 351

    Insertion: Fukushima Daiichi, Chernobyl, Hiroshima and Nuclear Weapons Testing 353

    18.1.4 Radiopharmaceuticals 356

    18.1.5 Technetium: A "Synthetic Bioinorganic Element" 359

    18.1.6 Radiotracers for the Investigation of the Metallome 362

    18.2 Medical Imaging Based on Nonradioactive Inorganic Compounds 362

    18.2.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 362

    18.2.2 X-ray Contrast Agents 364

    Further Reading 364

    References 365

    19 Chemotherapy Involving Nonessential Elements 369

    19.1 Overview 369

    19.2 Platinum Complexes in Cancer Therapy 369

    19.2.1 Discovery, Application and Structure-Effect Relationships 369

    19.2.2 Cisplatin: Mode of Action 372

    19.3 New Anticancer Drugs Based on Transition Metal Complexes 378

    19.3.1 Overview and Aims for Drug Development 378

    19.3.2 Nonplatinum Anticancer Drugs 379

    19.4 Further Inorganic Compounds in (Noncancer) Chemotherapy 383

    19.4.1 Gold-containing Drugs Used in the Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis 383

    19.4.2 Lithium in Psychopharmacologic Drugs 384

    19.4.3 Bismuth Compounds against Ulcers 385

    19.4.4 Vanadium-containing Insulin Mimetics and V-containing Anti-HIV Drugs 386

    19.4.5 Sodium Nitroprusside 386

    19.5 Bioorganometallic Chemistry of Nonessential Elements 387

    Further Reading 389

    References 389

    Index