Preface to the Second Edition xv
 
Preface to the First Edition xvii
 
Acknowledgements xix
 
Prologue xxi
 
1 Dyslexia in the Adult Years 1
 
Introduction 1
 
History 5

Terminology 6
 
Defining Dyslexia 6
 
Evidence-based Practice 8
 
The Nature of Dyslexia: Behavioural Characteristics 10
 
Observable Behavioural Characteristics 11
 
Affective Characteristics 12
 
Positive Characteristics 13
 
Behavioural Characteristics: Empirical Evidence 15
 
Explaining Characteristics 15
 
Biology and Neurology 15
 
Cognition 17
 
Dyslexia: AWorking Memory Model 19
 
Explaining Positive Characteristics 23
 
Explaining Affective Characteristics 26
 
AWorking Definition 28
 
Dyslexia and Other Syndromes 28
 
Dyspraxia 29
 
Dyscalculia 30
 
Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 31
 
Asperger's Syndrome 31
 
Visual Stress 32
 
Degrees of Dyslexia 32
 
The Prevalence of Dyslexia 33
 
Summary 34
 
2 Interventions 35
 
Introduction 35
 
Psychological Development in the Adult Years 35
 
Transitions 37
 
Successful Adjustment 38
 
Risk and Resilience 38
 
Learning in Adulthood 40
 
Types of Intervention 41
 
The Role of the Tutor/Coach 44
 
Key Skills 44
 
The Development of Metacognitive Skills 46
 
Skill Development, Compensation and Accommodation: An Integrated Framework for Development 47
 
Alternative Interventions 49
 
Summary 51
 
3 Identification and Assessment 52
 
Introduction 52
 
Information Gathering 53
 
Interviews 54
 
Screening 57
 
Checklists 57
 
Computer-based Tests 58
 
LADS - Plus Version 58
 
StudyScan and QuickScan 58
 
Individually Administered Tests 59
 
York Adult Assessment Battery 59
 
Dyslexia Adult Screening Test (DAST) 60
 
Scholastic Abilities Test for Adults (SATA) 60
 
Formal Diagnosis 61
 
Testing Intelligence 62
 
WAIS-IV 63
 
Verbal Tests 64
 
Working Memory Tests 64
 
Perceptual Reasoning Tests 64
 
Processing Speed 64
 
The Global Composite - Full Scale IQ 64
 
The Specific Composite - Index Scores 65
 
The Sub-test - Level WAIS-IV as an Ipsative Test 65
 
The Item Level and Task Cognitive Capacities 66
 
Abbreviated Scales 67
 
Tests for Teachers 68
 
Further Psychological Testing 68
 
Phonological Processing and Naming Speed 68
 
Memory Ability 69
 
Executive Functioning 70
 
Achievements in Literacy and Numeracy 71
 
Reading 71
 
Reading Levels 71
 
The Components of a Reading Assessment 73
 
Decoding 73
 
Comprehension 74
 
Listening Comprehension 75
 
Speed of Reading 75
 
The Assessment of Metacognition in Reading 76
 
The Assessment of Reading Skills and Information Technology 77
 
Writing and Spelling 77
 
Numeracy 79
 
Measuring Affective Characteristics 80
 
Self-Esteem 80
 
Anxiety 80
 
Re-assessment 81
 
Diagnosis and English as an Additional Language 81
 
Diagnosis and Other Syndromes 83
 
Dyspraxia/DCD 84
 
Dyscalculia 84
 
ADD/ADHD 85
 
Asperger's Syndrome 85
 
Visual Stress 85
 
Pretending to Have a L