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"This brilliant study makes us think in new ways about the Bolshevik Revolution and its intersection with ethnicity. Through a detailed examination of the life courses, radicalizing experiences, and paths to politics of the Bolshevik elite, Liliana Riga deftly illuminates why significant numbers of non-Russians were attracted to an extreme left-wing movement that framed its actions in class-based, non-national terms. In doing so, she not only demonstrates the complexity of motivations underlying revolutionary activity, but problematizes the entire category of 'Russian' Revolution." - Mark R. Beissinger, Princeton University "Although Bolshevism was an ideology of revolutionary class universalism, it was not just a response to class conflict. Two-thirds of Bolshevik leaders were members of ethnic minority groups who found revolutionary class universalism especially appealing because imperial state policy rendered them culturally assimilated yet socially and politically excluded. Bolshevism had a strong ethnic inflection that few scholars have examined. To bring it to light, Riga painstakingly traces the impact of state policy toward ethnic minorities on the ideological development of ninety-three Bolshevik leaders between 1917 and 1923. She has produced a work that is highly original in its use of data and in its interpretive framework. It will provoke debate among historians, political scientists, and sociologists interested in the Russian Revolution and, more generally, in the radicalization of intellectuals." - Robert Brym, University of Toronto "One rarely comes across a book that changes the grammar of social science: The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire has that character. Riga shows that Bolshevik identity rests on the character of the empire in which it was born, arguing that class universalism had ethnic roots. The scholarship is superb, with conviction coming from detailed analyses of varied regions within the Tsarist empire. This book is a masterpiece." - John A. Hall, McGill University "Recommended." -Choice
