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Produktbild: C4-Hydrocarbons and Derivatives

C4-Hydrocarbons and Derivatives Resources, Production, Marketing

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

21.12.2011

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

239

Maße (L/B/H)

24,2/17/1,5 cm

Gewicht

451 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1989

Übersetzt von

Michael R.F. Ashworth

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-73860-9

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

21.12.2011

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

239

Maße (L/B/H)

24,2/17/1,5 cm

Gewicht

451 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1989

Übersetzt von

Michael R.F. Ashworth

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-73860-9

Herstelleradresse

Springer-Verlag GmbH
Tiergartenstr. 17
69121 Heidelberg
DE

Email: ProductSafety@springernature.com

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  • Produktbild: C4-Hydrocarbons and Derivatives
  • 1 Fundamentals of C4-Hydrocarbons.- 1.1 Nomenclature and Chemical Structure of the C4-Hydrocarbons.- 1.2 Definition of the C4-Cut from Steam Crackers and Its Raffinates.- 1.3 Terms for the C4-Hydrocarbon Streams Within the Refinery.- 1.4 Product Specifications.- 2 Production Scheme for C4-Hydrocarbons.- 2.1 Methods for Establishing the Production Scheme.- 2.2 Production of C4-Hydrocarbons.- 2.2.1 C4-Hydrocarbons from Natural Sources.- 2.2.2 C4-Hydrocarbons from Refinery Gases.- 2.2.3 C4-Cut as Co-product of Ethylene Production.- 2.2.4 C4-Hydrocarbons Through Synthesis.- 2.2.4.1 Petrochemical Syntheses.- 2.2.4.2 Syntheses Based on Coal.- 2.2.4.3 Biotechnological Syntheses.- 2.3 Production of C4-Aldehydes and Alcohols.- 2.3.1 Butanals.- 2.3.2 Butanols.- 2.3.3 Butanediols.- 3 Processes of Separation and Transformation in C4-Chemistry.- 3.1 Separation of the C4-Cut and C4-Gases from Refineries.- 3.1.1 Separation Processes for Obtaining Butadiene.- 3.1.2 Separation Processes for Obtaining Butenes.- 3.1.2.1 Survey.- 3.1.2.2 Sulfuric Acid Processes.- 3.1.2.3 Molecular Sieve Processes.- 3.1.2.4 Other Processes.- 3.2 Processes of Butane Conversion.- 3.2.1 Isomerisation.- 3.2.2 Dehydrogenation.- 3.2.3 Oxidation.- 3.2.4 Alkylation.- 3.2.5 Chlorination.- 3.2.6 Cyclisation.- 3.2.7 Other Applications.- 3.3 Processes of Butene Conversion.- 3.3.1 Components of Gasoline Fuels.- 3.3.1.1 Polymer Gasoline.- 3.3.1.2 Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE).- 3.3.2 Chemical Secondary Products from Raffinate I.- 3.3.2.1 Polybutene.- 3.3.2.2 Di-and Tri-i-butenes.- 3.3.2.3 Propene.- 3.3.2.4 Specialities.- 3.3.3 Chemical Secondary Products from Raffinate II.- 3.3.3.1 Oligomers of n-Butenes.- 3.3.3.2 Butadiene.- 3.3.3.3 Methyl Ethyl Ketone.- 3.3.3.4 Maleic Anhydride.- 3.3.3.5 Acetic Acid.- 3.3.3.6 Specialities.- 3.3.4 Chemical Secondary Products from Pure i-Butene.- 3.3.4.1 Poly-i-butene.- 3.3.4.2 Butyl Rubber.- 3.3.4.3 Methacryl Compounds.- 3.3.4.4 Isoprene.- 3.3.4.5 Specialities.- 3.3.5 Chemical Secondary Products from Pure n-Butenes.- 3.3.5.1 Poly-1-butene.- 3.3.5.2 HDPE-Comonomer and LLDPE.- 3.3.5.3 1,2-Butene Oxide.- 3.4 Processes of Butadiene Conversion.- 3.4.1 Butadiene Polymers and Copolymers.- 3.4.1.1 Polybutadiene.- 3.4.1.2 Polychloroprene.- 3.4.1.3 Styrene-butadiene Rubber.- 3.4.1.4 Nitrile Rubber.- 3.4.1.5 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Polymers.- 3.4.1.6 Ethylene-propene-diene Polymers.- 3.4.1.7 Rubber and Latex Specialities Containing Butadiene.- 3.4.2 Styrene.- 3.4.3 Polyamides.- 3.4.4 1,4-Butanediol and Derivatives.- 3.4.5 Anthraquinone.- 3.4.6 Sulfolane.- 3.4.7 Other Butadiene Specialities.- 4 Processing Scheme for C4-Hydrocarbons.- 4.1 Method of Ascertaining the Processing Scheme.- 4.2 Analysis of the Processing Scheme for Butane Secondary Products..- 4.2.1 Butane Derivatives Processing Scheme.- 4.2.2 Production Amounts of Butane Secondary Products.- 4.2.3 Specific Butane Consumption Coefficients for the Secondary Products.- 4.2.4 Processing Scheme for Butanes.- 4.3 Analysis of the Processing Scheme for Butene Secondary Products..- 4.3.1 Butene Derivatives Processing Scheme.- 4.3.2 Production Amounts of Butene Secondary Products.- 4.3.3 Specific Butene Consumption Coefficients for the Secondary Products.- 4.3.4 Processing Scheme for Butenes.- 4.4 Analysis of the Processing Scheme for Butadiene Secondary Products.- 4.4.1 Butadiene Derivatives Processing Scheme.- 4.4.2 Production Amounts of Butadiene Secondary Products.- 4.4.3 Specific Butadiene Consumption Coefficients for the Secondary Products.- 4.4.4 Processing Scheme for Butadiene.- 5 Competition Factors of the C4-Hydrocarbons.- 5.1 Macroeconomic Competition Factors.- 5.1.1 Competition Criteria of Products in the Application Hierarchy.- 5.1.2 Limiting Factors of Trading.- 5.1.3 Threshold Effects of Market Changes.- 5.2 Microeconomic Factors of Competition.- 5.2.1 Competition Factors Related to Products and Suppliers.- 5.2.2 Criteria of Quality as Factors in Competition.- 5.2.2.1 Classification of Product Properties According to the Application Hierarchy.- 5.2.2.2 Economic and Metaeconomic Criteria for Quality.- 5.2.2.3 Property Standards of Products.- 5.2.3 Prices as Factors of Competition.- 5.2.3.1 Prices After Fulfilment of Standards of Minimum Properties.- 5.2.3.2 Economically Calculable Application Properties of a Product as Price Parameter.- 5.2.3.3 Price Evaluation of the Metaeconomic Benefits of Use.- 5.2.4 Quantity as a Factor in Competition.- 5.3 Costs as a Basis of Price Competitiveness of a Product.- 5.3.1 Cost Reduction via Increased Sales.- 5.3.1.1 Lowering the Procurement Costs.- 5.3.1.2 Lowering the Production Costs.- 5.3.1.3 Lowering Marketing Costs.- 5.3.1.4 Recovery of R and D Costs.- 5.3.2 Lowering Costs by Utilization of Technological Progress.- 5.3.2.1 Cost Reduction by Routine Work and Automatization.- 5.3.2.2 Cost Reduction by Process Changes.- 5.3.2.3 Cost Advantages Through Production Integration.- 5.3.2.4 Cost Increases or Decreases Through Co-products.- 5.3.3 Full Costs as Price Parameters.- 5.3.3.1 Problems of Evaluating Full Costs of Co-products.- 5.3.3.2 Company-Related Interpretations of Full Costs for Co-products....- 5.3.3.3 Intercompany Transfer Prices.- 5.3.4 Methods of Cost Estimation.- 5.3.4.1 Estimation of Production Costs.- 5.3.4.2 Forecasting Costs.- 5.3.4.3 Forecasting the Resource Costs of the Products.- 5.3.4.4 Forecasts of Costs on the Basis of Energy and Crude Oil Equivalents.- 6 Analyses of Competition of C4-Chemical Products.- 6.1 Prospects for C4-Technologies in the Field of Gasoline Components for Increasing Octane Numbers.- 6.1.1 The Need for High-Octane Components.- 6.1.2 Material Balance in Optimising the Octane Number.- 6.1.3 Technical Alternatives in Production of Gasoline of High Octane Number.- 6.1.3.1 Survey.- 6.1.3.2 Direct Blending of Refinery B-B.- 6.1.3.3 Conversion of Refinery B-B into Liquid Components.- 6.1.4 Comparison of Quantities.- 6.1.5 Comparison of Costs.- 6.1.5.1 Production Costs for Alkylate Gasoline.- 6.1.5.2 Production Costs for Polymer Gasoline.- 6.1.5.3 Production Costs for MTBE.- 6.1.5.4 Production Costs for TBA.- 6.1.5.5 Production Costs for MTBE and TBA from Butanes.- 6.1.5.6 Production Costs for SBA.- 6.1.6 Evaluation of Profit for High-Octane Components.- 6.1.6.1 Comparison of Properties.- 6.1.6.2 Comparison of Profitability.- 6.1.7 Market Development for Oxygenates.- 6.2 Prospects for C4-Technologies in the Plastics Field.- 6.2.1 C4-Products in the Plastics Field.- 6.2.2 Costs of Obtaining Pure C4-Base Chemicals.- 6.2.2.1 Production of Pure i-Butene.- 6.2.2.2 Production of Pure 1-Butene.- 6.2.2.3 Production of Pure Butadiene.- 6.2.3 Butane Secondary Products in the Plastics Field.- 6.2.3.1 Maleic Anhydride and Fumaric Acid.- 6.2.3.2 Other Secondary Products.- 6.2.4 Butene Secondary Products in the Plastics Field.- 6.2.4.1 Methyl Methacrylate.- 6.2.4.2 Poly-i-butene.- 6.2.4.3 Poly-l-butene.- 6.2.4.4 Processing of Other Polyolefines by Use of 1-Butene as Comonomer.- 7 Summary.- References.- Company Index.