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Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

21.06.2016

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Seitenzahl

1152

Maße (L/B/H)

28,7/22,5/6,3 cm

Gewicht

2586 g

Farbe

Grau / Schwarz

Auflage

3. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-118-94740-1

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

21.06.2016

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Seitenzahl

1152

Maße (L/B/H)

28,7/22,5/6,3 cm

Gewicht

2586 g

Farbe

Grau / Schwarz

Auflage

3. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-118-94740-1

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DE
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Wiley & Sons
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  • Produktbild: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
  • Preface to the First Edition xxiii
    Preface to the Third Edition xxv
    PART I | The Atmosphere and Its Constituents
    Chapter 1 | The Atmosphere 3
    1.1 History and Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere 3
    1.2 Climate 5
    1.3 Layers of the Atmosphere 5
    1.4 Pressure in the Atmosphere 7
    1.5 Temperature in the Atmosphere 10
    1.6 Expressing the Amount of a Substance in the Atmosphere 10
    1.7 Airborne Particles 14
    1.8 Spatial and Temporal Scales of Atmospheric Processes 14
    Problems 16
    References 17
    Chapter 2 | Atmospheric Trace Constituents 18
    2.1 Atmospheric Lifetime 19
    2.2 Sulfur-Containing Compounds 23
    2.3 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds 27
    2.4 Carbon-Containing Compounds 32
    2.5 Halogen-Containing Compounds 40
    2.6 Atmospheric Ozone 44
    2.7 Particulate Matter (Aerosols) 47
    2.8 Mercury 55
    2.9 Emission Inventories 55
    Appendix 2.1 US Air Pollution Legislation 56
    Appendix 2.2 Hazardous Air Pollutants (Air Toxics) 57
    Problems 59
    References 61
    PART II | Atmospheric Chemistry
    Chapter 3 | Chemical Kinetics 69
    3.1 Order of Reaction 69
    3.2 Theories of Chemical Kinetics 71
    3.3 The Pseudo-Steady-State Approximation 76
    3.4 Reactions of Excited Species 77
    3.5 Termolecular Reactions 78
    3.6 Chemical Families 81
    3.7 Gas-Surface Reactions 83
    Problems 84
    References 87
    Chapter 4 | Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry 88
    4.1 Radiation 88
    4.2 Radiative Flux in the Atmosphere 91
    4.3 Beer . Lambert Law and Optical Depth 93
    4.4 Actinic Flux 95
    4.5 Atmospheric Photochemistry 97
    4.6 Absorption of Radiation by Atmospheric Gases 100
    4.7 Absorption by O2 and O3 105
    4.8 Photolysis Rate as a Function of Altitude 109
    4.9 Photodissociation of O3 to Produce O and O(1D) 112
    4.10 Photodissociation of NO2 114
    Problems 117
    References 117
    Chapter 5 | Chemistry of the Stratosphere 119
    5.1 Chapman Mechanism 122
    5.2 Nitrogen Oxide Cycles 129
    5.3 HOx Cycles 134
    5.4 Halogen Cycles 139
    5.5 Reservoir Species and Coupling of the Cycles 144
    5.6 Ozone Hole 146
    5.7 Heterogeneous (Nonpolar) Stratospheric Chemistry 155
    5.8 Summary of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 162
    5.9 Transport and Mixing in the Stratosphere 165
    5.10 Ozone Depletion Potential 167
    Problems 168
    References 173
    Chapter 6 | Chemistry of the Troposphere 175
    6.1 Production of Hydroxyl Radicals in the Troposphere 176
    6.2 Basic Photochemical Cycle of NO2, NO, and O3 179
    6.3 Atmospheric Chemistry of Carbon Monoxide 181
    6.4 Atmospheric Chemistry of Methane 188
    6.5 The NOx and NOy Families 192
    6.6 Ozone Budget of the Troposphere and Role of NOx 195
    6.7 Tropospheric Reservoir Molecules 203
    6.8 Relative Roles of VOC and NOx in Ozone Formation 208
    6.9 Simplified Organic/NOx Chemistry 212
    6.10 Chemistry of Nonmethane Organic Compounds in the Troposphere 214
    6.11 Atmospheric Chemistry of Biogenic Hydrocarbons 233
    6.12 Atmospheric Chemistry of Reduced Nitrogen Compounds 244
    6.13 Atmospheric Chemistry (Gas Phase) of Sulfur Compounds 246
    6.14 Tropospheric Chemistry of Halogen Compounds 249
    6.15 Atmospheric Chemistry of Mercury 253
    Appendix 6 Organic Functional Groups 254
    Problems 256
    References 259
    Chapter 7 | Chemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase 265
    7.1 Liquid Water in the Atmosphere 265
    7.2 Absorption Equilibria and Henry's Law 268
    7.3 Aqueous-Phase Chemical Equilibria 271
    7.4 Aqueous-Phase Reaction Rates 284
    7.5 S(IV)-S(VI) Transformation and Sulfur Chemistry 286
    7.6 Dynamic Behavior of Solutions with Aqueous-Phase Chemical Reactions 295
    Appendix 7.1 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data 301
    Appendix 7.2 Additional Aqueous-Phase Sulfur Chemistry 305
    7A.1 S(IV) Oxidation by the OH Radical 305
    7A.2 Oxidation of S(IV) by Oxides of Nitrogen 308
    7A.3 Reaction of Dissolved SO2 with HCHO 309
    Appendix 7.3 Aqueous-Phase Nitrite and Nitrate Chemistry 311
    7A.4 NOx Oxidation 311
    7A.5 Nitrogen Radicals 311
    Appendix 7.4 Aqueous-Phase Organic Chemistry 312
    Appendix 7.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen Chemistry 313
    Problems 314
    References 317
    PART III | Aerosols
    Chapter 8 | Properties of the Atmospheric Aerosol 325
    8.1 The Size Distribution Function 325
    8.2 Ambient Aerosol Size Distributions 342
    8.3 Aerosol Chemical Composition 352
    8.4 Spatiotemporal Variation 354
    Problems 357
    References 359
    Chapter 9 | Dynamics of Single Aerosol Particles 362
    9.1 Continuum and Noncontinuum Dynamics: the Mean Free Path 362
    9.2 The Drag on a Single Particle: Stokes' Law 368
    9.3 Gravitational Settling of an Aerosol Particle 372
    9.4 Motion of an Aerosol Particle in an External Force Field 376
    9.5 Brownian Motion of Aerosol Particles 376
    9.6 Aerosol and Fluid Motion 385
    9.7 Equivalent Particle Diameters 388
    Problems 393
    References 394
    Chapter 10 | Thermodynamics of Aerosols 396
    10.1 Thermodynamic Principles 396
    10.2 Aerosol Liquid Water Content 409
    10.3 Equilibrium Vapor Pressure Over a Curved Surface: the Kelvin Effect 419
    10.4 Thermodynamics of Atmospheric Aerosol Systems 423
    10.5 Aerosol Thermodynamic Models 440
    Problems 442
    References 443
    Chapter 11 | Nucleation 448
    11.1 Classical Theory of Homogeneous Nucleation: Kinetic Approach 449
    11.2 Classical Homogeneous Nucleation Theory: Constrained Equilibrium Approach 457
    11.3 Recapitulation of Classical Theory 464
    11.4 Experimental Measurement of Nucleation Rates 465
    11.5 Modifications of the Classical Theory and More Rigorous Approaches 467
    11.6 Binary Homogeneous Nucleation 468
    11.7 Binary Nucleation in the H2SO4-H2O System 473
    11.8 Nucleation on an Insoluble Foreign Surface 475
    11.9 Ion-Induced Nucleation 478
    11.10 Atmospheric New-Particle Formation 480
    Appendix 11 The Law of Mass Action 487
    Problems 489
    References 490
    Chapter 12 | Mass Transfer Aspects of Atmospheric Chemistry 493
    12.1 Mass and Heat Transfer to Atmospheric Particles 493
    12.2 Mass Transport Limitations in Aqueous-Phase Chemistry 503
    12.3 Mass Transport and Aqueous-Phase Chemistry 511
    12.4 Mass Transfer to Falling Drops 526
    12.5 Characteristic Time for Atmospheric Aerosol Equilibrium 527
    Appendix 12 Solution of the Transient Gas-Phase Diffusion Problem: Equations (12.4)-(12.7) 532
    Problems 533
    References 535
    Chapter 13 | Dynamics of Aerosol Populations 537
    13.1 Mathematical Representations of Aerosol Size Distributions 537
    13.2 Condensation 538
    13.3 Coagulation 544
    13.4 The Discrete General Dynamic Equation 557
    13.5 The Continuous General Dynamic Equation 558
    Appendix 13.1 Additional Mechanisms of Coagulation 560
    13A.1 Coagulation in Laminar Shear Flow 560
    13A.2 Coagulation in Turbulent Flow 560
    13A.3 Coagulation from Gravitational Settling 561
    13A.4 Brownian Coagulation and External Force Fields 562
    Appendix 13.2 Solution of (13.73) 567
    Problems 568
    References 571
    Chapter 14 | Atmospheric Organic Aerosols 573
    14.1 Chemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation 574
    14.2 Volatility of Organic Compounds 582
    14.3 Idealized Description of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation 583
    14.4 Gas-Particle Partitioning 590
    14.5 Models of SOA Formation and Evolution 596
    14.6 Primary Organic Aerosol 605
    14.7 The Physical State of Organic Aerosols 608
    14.8 SOA Particle-Phase Chemistry 610
    14.9 Aqueous-Phase Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation 615
    14.10 Estimates of the Global Budget of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol 622
    Problems 623
    References 626
    Chapter 15 | Interaction of Aerosols with Radiation 633
    15.1 Scattering and Absorption of Light by Small Particles 633
    15.2 Visibility 644
    15.3 Scattering, Absorption, and Extinction Coefficients From Mie Theory 647
    15.4 Calculated Visibility Reduction Based on Atmospheric Data 651
    Appendix 15 Calculation of Scattering and Extinction Coefficients by Mie Theory 654
    Problems 654
    References 656
    PART IV | Physical and Dynamic Meteorology, Cloud Physics, and Atmospheric Diffusion
    Chapter 16 | Physical and Dynamic Meteorology 661
    16.1 Temperature in the Lower Atmosphere 661
    16.2 Atmospheric Stability 665
    16.3 The Moist Atmosphere 670
    16.4 Basic Conservation Equations for the Atmospheric Surface Layer 683
    16.5 Variation of Wind with Height in the Atmosphere 692
    Appendix 16.1 Properties of Water and Water Solutions 701
    16A.1 Specific Heat of Water and Ice 701
    16A.2 Latent Heats of Vaporization and Melting for Water 701
    16A.3 Water Surface Tension 701
    Appendix 16.2 Derivation of the Basic Equations of Surface-Layer Atmospheric Fluid Mechanics 702
    Problems 705
    References 706
    Chapter 17 | Cloud Physics 708
    17.1 Equilibrium of Water Droplets in the Atmosphere 708
    17.2 Cloud and Fog Formation 719
    17.3 Growth Rate of Individual Cloud Droplets 723
    17.4 Growth of a Droplet Population 726
    17.5 Cloud Condensation Nuclei 730
    17.6 Cloud Processing of Aerosols 736
    17.7 Other Forms of Water in the Atmosphere 743
    Appendix 17 Extended Köhler Theory 751
    17A.1 Modified Form of Köhler Theory for a Soluble Trace Gas 751
    17A.2 Modified Form of Köhler Theory for a Slightly Soluble Substance 754
    17A.3 Modified Form of Köhler Theory for a Surface-Active Solute 755
    17A.4 Examples 756
    Problems 759
    References 760
    Chapter 18 | Atmospheric Diffusion 763
    18.1 Eulerian Approach 763
    18.2 Lagrangian Approach 766
    18.3 Comparison of Eulerian and Lagrangian Approaches 767
    18.4 Equations Governing the Mean Concentration of Species in Turbulence 767
    18.5 Solution of the Atmospheric Diffusion Equation for an Instantaneous Source 771
    18.6 Mean Concentration from Continuous Sources 772
    18.7 Statistical Theory of Turbulent Diffusion 778
    18.8 Summary of Atmospheric Diffusion Theories 783
    18.9 Analytical Solutions for Atmospheric Diffusion: the Gaussian Plume Equation and Others 784
    18.10 Dispersion Parameters in Gaussian Models 791
    18.11 Plume Rise 796
    18.12 Functional Forms of Mean Windspeed and Eddy Diffusivities 798
    18.13 Solutions of the Steady-State Atmospheric Diffusion Equation 803
    Appendix 18.1 Further Solutions of Atmospheric Diffusion Problems 807
    18A.1 Solution of (18.29)-(18.31) 807
    18A.2 Solution of (18.50) and (18.51) 809
    18A.3 Solution of (18.59)-(18.61) 810
    Appendix 18.2 Analytical Properties of the Gaussian Plume Equation 811
    Problems 815
    References 823
    PART V | Dry and Wet Deposition
    Chapter 19 | Dry Deposition 829
    19.1 Deposition Velocity 829
    19.2 Resistance Model for Dry Deposition 830
    19.3 Aerodynamic Resistance 834
    19.4 Quasilaminar Resistance 835
    19.5 Surface Resistance 839
    19.6 Measurement of Dry Deposition 849
    19.7 Some Comments on Modeling and Measurement of Dry Deposition 851
    Problems 852
    References 854
    Chapter 20 | Wet Deposition 856
    20.1 General Representation of Atmospheric Wet Removal Processes 856
    20.2 Below-Cloud Scavenging of Gases 860
    20.3 Precipitation Scavenging of Particles 868
    20.4 In-Cloud Scavenging 873
    20.5 Acid Deposition 874
    20.6 Acid Deposition Process Synthesis 878
    Problems 881
    References 886
    PART VI | The Global Atmosphere, Biogeochemical Cycles, and Climate
    Chapter 21 | General Circulation of the Atmosphere 891
    21.1 Hadley Cell 893
    21.2 Ferrell Cell and Polar Cell 893
    21.3 Coriolis Force 895
    21.4 Geostrophic Windspeed 897
    21.5 The Thermal Wind Relation 902
    21.6 Stratospheric Dynamics 905
    21.7 The Hydrologic Cycle 905
    Problems 906
    References 907
    Chapter 22 | Global Cycles: Sulfur and Carbon 908
    22.1 The Atmospheric Sulfur Cycle 908
    22.2 The Global Carbon Cycle 912
    22.3 Solution for a Steady-State Four-Compartment Model of the Atmosphere 923
    Problems 927
    References 929
    Chapter 23 | Global Climate 931
    23.1 Earth's Energy Balance 931
    23.2 Radiative Forcing 933
    23.3 The Greenhouse Effect 936
    23.4 Climate-Forcing Agents 942
    23.5 Cosmic Rays and Climate 949
    23.6 Climate Sensitivity 950
    23.7 Simplified Dynamic Description of Climate Forcing and Response 951
    23.8 Climate Feedbacks 955
    23.9 Relative Radiative Forcing Indices 960
    23.10 Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Change 961
    23.11 Conclusion 964
    Problems 965
    References 967
    Chapter 24 | Aerosols and Climate 970
    24.1 Scattering-Absorbing Model of an Aerosol Layer 972
    24.2 Cooling Versus Heating of an Aerosol Layer 975
    24.3 Scattering Model of an Aerosol Layer for a Nonabsorbing Aerosol 977
    24.4 Upscatter Fraction 979
    24.5 Optical Depth and Column Forcing 981
    24.6 Internal and External Mixtures 985
    24.7 Top-of-the-Atmosphere Versus Surface Forcing 987
    24.8 Indirect Effects of Aerosols on Climate 990
    Problems 1004
    References 1004
    PART VII | Chemical Transport Models and Statistical Models
    Chapter 25 | Atmospheric Chemical Transport Models 1011
    25.1 Introduction 1011
    25.2 Box Models 1014
    25.3 Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Chemical Transport Models 1020
    25.4 One-Dimensional Lagrangian Models 1024
    25.5 Other Forms of Chemical Transport Models 1026
    25.6 Numerical Solution of Chemical Transport Models 1031
    25.7 Model Evaluation 1046
    25.8 Response of Organic and Inorganic Aerosols to Changes in Emission 1047
    Problems 1048
    References 1050
    Chapter 26 | Statistical Models 1051
    26.1 Receptor Modeling Methods 1051
    26.2 Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) 1054
    26.3 Factor Analysis 1059
    26.4 Methods Incorporating Wind Information 1067
    26.5 Probability Distributions for Air Pollutant Concentrations 1072
    26A.1 The Lognormal Distribution 1073
    26A.2 The Weibull Distribution 1074
    26.6 Estimation of Parameters in the Distributions 1074
    26A.1 Method of Quantiles 1075
    26A.2 Method of Moments 1076
    26.7 Order Statistics of Air Quality Data 1078
    26A.1 Basic Notions and Terminology of Order Statistics 1078
    26A.2 Extreme Values 1079
    26.8 Exceedances of Critical Levels 1080
    26.9 Alternative Forms of Air Quality Standards 1080
    26.10 Relating Current and Future Air Pollutant Statistical Distributions 1083
    Problems 1085
    References 1087
    Appendixes
    Appendix A: | Units and Physical Constants 1091
    A.1 SI Base Units 1091
    A.2 SI Derived Units 1092
    A.3 Fundamental Physical Constants 1094
    A.4 Properties of the Atmosphere and Water 1094
    A.5 Units for Representing Chemical Reactions 1096
    A.6 Concentrations in the Aqueous Phase 1096
    A.7 Symbols Denoting Concentration 1097
    References 1097
    Appendix B: | Rate Constants of Atmospheric Chemical Reactions 1098
    References 1106
    Appendix C: | Abbreviations 1107
    Index 1112