Preface xix
1 Overview of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 1
Ram Sevak Singh, Kalim Deshmukh, Ram Dayal Patidar, Rituraj Dubey and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 2
1.3 MXenes 3
1.4 2D Hexagonal Boron Nitride 3
1.5 Black Phosphorus 3
1.6 2D Transition Metals Oxides 4
1.7 2D Metal Organic Frameworks 4
1.8 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks 4
1.9 Graphitic Carbon Nitrides 5
1.10 Layered Silicates 5
1.11 Graphdiyne 6
1.12 Silicene and Germanene 6
1.13 2D Pnictogens 6
2 Electrical, Optical, and Electronic Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 9
Humira Assad, Ishrat Fatma, Richika Ganjoo and Ashish Kumar
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Framework and Composition of 2D Nanomaterials 12
2.3 Classification and Examples of 2D Nanomaterials 15
2.4 Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 19
2.5 Conclusion 26
3 Design and Synthesis Methods of 2D Nanomaterials 33
Muhammad Hossein Ashoub and Mahnaz Amiri
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 2D Material Synthesis 35
3.3 Characterization of 2D Materials 42
3.4 Applications of 2D Materials 43
3.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 45
4 Characterization of 2D Nanomaterials using Spectroscopic and Microscopic Approaches 51
Ashwini Kumar Mishra, Mukesh Pandey, Ganesh Dane, Ankit Jain, Nishi Mody, Pravat Kumar Sahoo and Neha S.L.
4.1 Introduction 52
4.2 Functionalization of 2D-NM 53
4.3 Tribological Properties of 2D-NM 56
4.4 Spectroscopic Characterization of 2D-NM 57
4.5 Microscopic Characterization of 2D-NM 68
4.6 Advanced Techniques in 2D-NM Characterization 70
4.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 74
5 Graphene and Its Derivatives for Biosensing and Imaging 81
Binapani Barik, Srikanta Moharana, Shubhashree Das and Swadesh Kumar Pattanik
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Properties of Graphene and Its Derivatives 84
5.3 Electrical Conductivity 84
5.4 Large Surface Area 85
5.5 Thermal Properties 85
5.6 Mechanical Strength 86
5.7 Graphene-Based Biosensors 86
5.8 Functionalization and Bioconjugation 92
5.9 Imaging Applications of Graphene and Graphene Derivatives 93
5.10 Challenges and Future Directions 96
5.11 Conclusion 96
6 Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications 103
Chandan Hunsur Ravikumar, K. Pramoda, Kothanahally S. Sharath Kumar, M.B. Sridhara and R. Geetha Balakrishna
6.1 Introduction 103
6.2 Synthesis of Hexagonal BN and BN QDs 104
6.3 Application of Boron Nitride toward Biosensing and Bioimaging 106
6.4 Bioimaging 112
6.5 Conclusion 115
7 Black Phosphorus for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 121
Pavan S. R. and Ashwini Prabhu
7.1 Introduction 121
7.2 General Properties of Black Phosphorous 122
7.3 Biosensing 123
7.4 Imaging 136
7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 137
8 2D Transition Metal Oxides for Biosensing and Imaging Application 143
Nisha Yadav, Divya Choudhary, Varun Rai, Eslam M. Hamed, Kamalakanta Behera and Gyandshwar Kumar Rao
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 Types of TMOs 145
8.3 Synthetic Approach of TMOs 146
8.4 Biosensing 149
8.5 Bioimaging 154
8.6 Conclusions and Prospects 158
9 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 165
Rituraj Dubey, Eslam M. Hamed, Kamalakanta Behera, Ram Dayal Patidar, Ram Sevak Singh and Varun Rai
9.1 Introduction 166
9.2 Fabrication of 2D TMD-NMs 168
9.3 Types of Biosensors 172
9.4 Applications 173
9.5 Bioimaging Applications 178
9.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook 181
10 Two-Dimensional Nanosized Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications 185
Vaishnavi Sali, Balaga Venkata Krishna Rao, Srusti Tambe, Ajeet Kumar, Biranchi Narayan Das and Sabya Sachi Das
10.1 Introduction 186
10.2 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques 187
10.3 Metal Organic Frameworks: Classification and Characterization 190
10.4 2D-MOFs: Synthesis and Characterization Techniques 196
10.5 2D-MOFs in Imaging/Bioimaging Applications 198
10.6 2D MOFs in Biosensing Applications 199
10.7 2D-MOFs in Clinical Applications 202
10.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 203
11 Exploring Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) as Advanced Tools for Biosensing and Imaging 213
Kunjal Soni and Rakesh Kumar Ameta
11.1 Introduction 213
11.2 Basic Topology of the COFs to be a Sensor 216
11.3 Recent Advances in COFs in Biosensing and Imaging 216
11.4 Conclusion 239
12 Biosensing and Imaging Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride Materials 245
Abhay Vijay Kotkondawar and Jyotisman Rath
12.1 Introduction 245
12.2 Biosensing Application of Graphitic Carbon Nitride 247
12.3 Bioimaging Applications of Graphitic Carbon Nitride 256
12.4 Conclusion 262
13 2D MXenes for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 269
Sudeepta Baruah, Pallabi Hazarika and Swapnali Hazarika
13.1 Introduction 269
13.2 Synthesis of Mxenes 272
13.3 Properties of MXenes 279
13.4 Applications 284
13.5 Future Aspects and Concluding Remarks 291
14 Layered Silicates for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 301
Atul Garkal, Shailvi Shah, Lajja Patel, Anam Sami, Mohit Shah, Dhaivat Parikh and Tejal Mehta
14.1 Introduction 302
14.2 Types of Layered Silicates 304
14.3 Layered Silicates Nanocomposites 307
14.4 Structure and Characteristics of Polymer Layered Silicates 309
14.5 Preparation Techniques Utilized for the Synthesis of Nanocomposites 309
14.6 Characterization of Layered Silicates 311
14.7 Layered Silicates for Biosensing and Imaging 312
14.8 Structural Characteristics of Layered Silicates 313
14.9 Surface Modification 313
14.10 Accommodation of Drug Molecules 314
14.11 Layered Silicates as Drug Carrier 315
14.12 Biomedical Applications of Layered Silicates 315
14.13 Conclusion 319
15 Graphdiyne for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 323
Drishti Gupta, Rituraj Dubey, Eslam M. Hamed, Varun Rai, Kamal Nayan Sharma, Ram Dayal Patidar and Kamalakanta Behera
15.1 Introduction 323
15.2 Fabrication of Graphdiyne 325
15.3 Biosensing Applications 328
15.4 Bioimaging Applications 334
15.5 Future Outlook and Conclusions 339
16 Silicene and Germanene for Biosensing and Imaging Application 347
Jothi Dheivasikamani Abidharini, Biju Reji Souparnika, James Elizabeth, Venkataramanaravi Bavyataa, Ramesh Nivedha, Anandakumar Umamaheswari, Kumar Vignesh, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan, Meyyazhagan Arun and Arumugam Vijaya Anand
16.1 Introduction 347
16.2 Group IV Elements 348
16.3 Physical Properties 354
16.4 Chemical Properties 355
16.5 Biosensor 356
16.6 Bioimaging 359
16.7 Limitations 367
16.8 Conclusion 367
17 2D Pnictogens for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 375
Arumugam Jananisri, Irudhayaraj Peatrise Geofferina, Ganesh Vishalini, Subramaniam Sridhar, Pachaiyappan Vimalraj, Gunna Suresh Babu Suruthi, Senthil Sujitha, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan, Meyyazhagan Arun and Arumugam Vijaya Anand
17.1 Introduction 376
17.2 2D Materials 377
17.3 Pnictogens 377
17.4 Characteristics of Pnictogen 378
17.5 Properties of Pnictogens 379
17.6 Production Methods 382
17.7 2D Pnictogen as Biosensors 388
17.8 Applications of 2D Pnictogens in the Biomedical Field 390
17.9 Pnictogens in Imaging Techniques 396
17.10 Toxicity 402
17.11 Conclusion 403
18 Biosensing and Imaging Based on Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials 415
Ramya P. R., Sayanti Halder and Sonu Gandhi
18.1 Introduction 415
18.2 2D Nanomaterials 417
18.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of 2D Nanomaterials 420
18.4 Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing 423
18.5 Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Bioimaging 430
18.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 440
19 Polymer Nanocomposites of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 449
Anita Prasad Poornima, Talukdar Das Ankur, Palanisamy Priyanga, Ray Amardeep Preethi, Sidhic Nihala, Marudhachalam Kamalesh, Selvarasu Elamathi, Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi, Valan Arasu Mariadhas and Arumugam Vijaya Anand
19.1 Introduction 450
19.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 451
19.3 Graphene-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 452
19.4 Graphene-Based Fluorescent Biosensors 462
19.5 Selectivity of Graphene-Based Biosensors 463
19.6 2D Nanomaterials Polymer Composites of Biomedical Applications 463
19.7 Carbon Allotrope-Based Nanomaterial Applications in Healthcare Biosensing 464
19.8 Applications of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Healthcare Biosensing 465
19.9 Organic Nanomaterial Applications for Healthcare Biosensing 467
19.10 Conclusion 468
20 Heterostructures Based on 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 481
Diksha Singh, Sarita Shaktawat, Ranjana Verma, Kshitij R.B. Singh and Jay Singh
20.1 Introduction 481
20.2 Various Magnificent Assets of Heterostructure-Based 2D Nanomaterials 484
20.3 2D Heterostructures Nanomaterial for Biosensing Application 486
20.4 Mxene-Based Heterostructures Nanomaterial for Biosensing 489
20.5 Significance of Chemical and Biological Sensing Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) that are Based on Heterostructures Nanomaterial 490
20.6 Sensitivity-Enhancement Employing a Blue Phosphorus/MoS2 Heterostructure and Zinc Oxide as the Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor 491
20.7 Heterostructures Based on 2D Nanomaterials for Imaging 493
20.8 Biomedical Application 501
20.9 Conclusion and Prospects 503
21 Modeling and Simulations of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 511
Monika Srivastava and Anurag Srivastava
21.1 Modeling and Simulations 511
21.2 Classification of Two-Dimensional Materials 514
21.3 Surface Engineering of 2D Materials 518
21.4 Modeling and Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials 520
21.5 Applications of 2D Materials 523
21.6 2D Nanomaterials as Biosensors 523
21.7 Challenges 527
21.8 Potential Future Outlook 528
21.9 Conclusion 529
22 Biocompatibility, Toxicity Concerns, Environmental and Safety Considerations, Legal and Commercialization Aspects of 2D Nanomaterials 535
Shikha Gulati, Lakshita Chhabra and Anoushka Amar
22.1 Introduction 535
22.2 Biocompatibility of 2D Nanomaterials 536
22.3 Biodegradability of 2D Nanomaterials 538
22.4 Layered 2D Nanomaterials 538
22.5 Toxicity Evaluation of 2D Nanomaterials 540
22.6 Interaction of 2D Nanomaterials with the Environment 544
22.7 Legal and Bio-Medical Commercialization Aspects of 2D Nanomaterials 545
22.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 548
References 549
Index 553
