About the Editors xix
List of Contributors xxiii
Preface xxix
1 Management Challenges of Water Resources in Sikkim Mountain Regions 1
Anil K. Misra, Om P. Kaptan, Priyanka Kumari, Krity Rai, Rakesh K. Ranjan, Nishchal Wanjari, and Subash Dhakal
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Water Resources in Sikkim 6
1.3 Management Challenges 14
1.4 Future Adaptation Strategies and Options 16
References 17
2 Basin-Scale Estimation of Runoff Components Using the SPHY Model: A Case Study of the Koshi River Basin, Central Himalaya 21
Kiran Bishwakarma, Fan Zhang, Jharana Nepal, Guanxing Wang, Yuxuan Xiang, Ramesh R. Pant, and Narayan P. Khanal
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Materials and Methods 23
2.3 Results 29
2.4 Discussion 36
2.5 Conclusion 38
Acknowledgments 38
References 39
3 Assessment and Prediction of Water Yield in the Chandra Basin, Western Himalaya, India: Using Physical Basis SWAT Model and Machine Learning 43
Sobhana Mummaneni, Vinay K. Gaddam, Gnana S.S.V. Mendu, Nihitha Vemulapalli, Smitha C. Ch, and Sayyad Fazal Rahman Khadri
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Study Area 47
3.3 Methodology 49
3.4 Conclusion(s) 59
Acknowledgments 60
Ethical Approval and Responsibilities of Authors 60
Consent to Participate 60
Consent to Publish 60
Funding 60
Competing Interests 60
Author(s) Contributions 61
Availability of Data and Materials 61
References 61
4 Assessment of Suspended Sediment Properties and Particle Load for Optimal Operation of Hydropower Plants in the Himalayan Region 65
Naman Arora, Arun Kumar, and Sunil K. Singal
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Hydropower in India 66
4.3 Challenges of Hydropower Development in the Himalayas 66
4.4 Impact of Sediment on HPP 67
4.5 Alaknanda River Basin 68
4.6 Sutlej River Basin 69
4.7 Suspended Sediment Properties 71
4.8 Conclusion 76
References 76
5 Hydrochemistry and Quality Assessment of High-Altitudinal Kareri Lake, Northwest Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, India 85
Pawan Kumar, Ambrish K. Mahajan, Deepak Kumar, and Anil Kumar
5.1 Introduction 85
5.2 Information of the Study Site 87
5.3 Methodology 88
5.4 Results and Discussion 89
5.5 Hydrochemistry of the Lake 89
5.6 Qualitative Characteristics of Lake 92
5.7 Pearson Correlation Coefficient 92
5.8 Comparison of Different Parameters of Kareri with Other Himalayan Lakes 93
5.9 Conclusion 93
References 96
6 Water Quality Assessment of Lakes in Mountain Region with Spatial Reference to Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India 99
Piyali Sabui, Shakshee Soni, Ayushii Yadav, and Pallavi Das
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 Study Area and Site Description 102
6.3 Results and Discussion 104
6.4 Conclusion 108
Acknowledgement 109
References 109
7 Hydrogeochemical Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Leh Town, Trans-Himalaya, India Using Entropy Water Quality Index 113
Lobzang Chorol and Sunil K. Gupta
7.1 Introduction 113
7.2 Materials and Methods 115
7.3 Results and Discussions 121
7.4 Conclusions 129
Acknowledgment 129
References 130
8 Revival of Drying Springs in Mountainous Regions of the Himalayas - Inferences from an Isotope Hydrochemical Study 135
Tirumalesh Keesari, Diksha Pant, Hemant Mohokar, and Vinod Khatti
8.1 Introduction 135
8.2 Study Area 136
8.3 Rainfall and Climate 137
8.4 Sampling and Analytical Techniques 139
8.5 Chemical Species 140
8.6 Stable Isotopes (¿ 2 H, and ¿ 18 O) 140
8.7 Radioactive Isotope (3 H) 141
8.8 Results and Discussion 141
8.9 Discharge Rate Analysis 141
8.10 Hydrochemistry 146
8.11 Environmental Isotopes 147
8.12 Isotopic Inferences and Recommendations 152
8.13 Impact of Artificial Recharge Measures 154
8.14 Conclusions 154
Acknowledgment 158
References 158
9 Biogeochemical Characterization of Water Resources in the Indian Himalayan Regions 161
Sayantan Das, Aman Verma, Saurabh K. Sharma, and Nidhi Verma
9.1 Introduction 161
9.2 Factors Impacting Water Resources 162
9.3 Monitoring, Assessment, Management, and Treatment 165
9.4 Case Studies 168
9.5 Conclusion 172
9.6 Future Directions 172
References 173
10 Mountainous Water Resources: Understanding Microbial Dynamics, Ecological Resilience, and Sustainable Management Strategies amidst Climatic Challenges 181
Deepansha Raina, Devansh Kumar, Ashita S. Khasa, Mohit Marwah, Sunila Hooda, and Shalini Swami
10.1 Introduction 181
10.2 Microbial Dynamics and Mountainous Water Resources 182
10.3 Climatic Challenges and Extreme Climatic Affairs 184
10.4 Mountainous Ecological Resilience 187
10.5 Strategies for Sustainable Management 188
10.6 Vulnerability and Adaptability 192
10.7 Case Reports and Best Practices 195
10.8 Potential for Research and Future Routes 197
10.9 Conclusion 198
References 199
11 Modeling the Glacier Energy and Mass Budget of the Phuche Glacier in the Cold-arid Trans-Himalayan Region, Ladakh Range 207
Jaydeo Kumar Dharpure, Ajanta Goswami, Akansha Patel, Sanjay Kumar Jain, and Anil Vishnupant Kulkarni
11.1 Introduction 207
11.2 Study Area 208
11.3 Data and Methods 210
11.4 Results 213
11.5 Discussion 226
11.6 Conclusion 229
Acknowledgment 229
Funding 230
References 230
12 Estimation of Ice Thickness and Glacier-Stored Water of the Teesta Basin, Eastern Himalayas, Sikkim, India 237
K. Shruti and M. Geetha Priya
12.1 Introduction 237
12.2 Study Area 240
12.3 Data Used 243
12.4 Methodology 243
12.5 Results 246
12.6 Discussion 249
12.7 Conclusion 250
Acknowledgments 251
References 251
13 Snowmelt Runoff Estimation Using Landsat 8 Snow Cover Area Products in Beas River Basin, Western Himalayan via SRM Degree-Day Modeling Approach 257
Gopinadh Rongali, Ashok K. Keshari, Ashvani K. Gosain, Rakesh Khosa, and Raghavendra Ashrit
13.1 Introduction 257
13.2 Description of the Study Area 259
13.3 Methodology 260
13.4 Data Used 268
13.5 Results and Discussion 269
13.6 Conclusions 276
Acknowledgments 277
References 277
14 Management of Water Resources Through the Application of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing for Satpuda Mountainous Terrain, Madhya Pradesh, India 281
S.F.R. Khadri, S.F.A. Khadri, Mayura D. Deshmukh, and Vinay K. Gaddam
14.1 Introduction 281
14.2 Climate and Vegetation 281
14.3 Geomorphological Studies 284
14.4 Structural Hill 287
14.5 Water Resource Management of Satpuda Mountainous Terrain 294
14.6 Summary and Conclusions 296
Acknowledgments 296
References 297
15 Assessment and Management of Flash Floods in the India Himalayas: Challenges, Strategies, and Solutions 301
Tanveer Dar and Kainat Aziz
15.1 Introduction 301
15.2 Causes of Flash Flood 302
15.3 Flooding in Major River Basins of India 303
15.4 Dynamics of Flash Floods in the Himalayan Region 306
15.5 Factors Affecting Flash Floods 308
15.6 Mitigation Strategies for Flash Floods 311
15.7 Concluding Remarks 314
References 315
16 Critical Perspectives on Climate Change and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods' Impact in the Himalayas: Policy Inferences from the South Lhonak Flood of 2023 319
Arpan Sharma, Narpati Sharma, and Mousumi Gupta
16.1 Introduction 319
16.2 Outbursts and Climate Change Impact in the Last Century 320
16.3 Warnings and South Lhonak Lake Outburst Flood 325
16.4 Inferences from the South Lhonak Lake Outburst Flood 329
16.5 Conclusion 330
References 330
17 A Comprehensive Review on Water Resource Vulnerability to Climate Change in the Mountain Region of India 335
Deepika Dimri, Ambika Kumar, and Shalini Singh Chhetri
17.1 Introduction 335
17.2 The Documented Consequences of Climate Change 336
17.3 Summary and Conclusion 346
References 346
18 Rainfall Intensity and Return Periods of Extreme Rainfall Over the Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India 355
Deen D. Khandelwal, Manish Mehta, and Dwarika P. Dobhal
18.1 Introduction 355
18.2 Study Area and Environmental Setting 356
18.3 Data and Methodology 357
18.4 Result and Discussion 360
18.5 Conclusions 364
Acknowledgments 365
References 365
19 Traditional Techniques of Rainwater Management and Conservation in the Mountainous Regions of North-East India 369
Liza G. Kiba, Chitrasen Lairenjam, Arbind Kumar Verma, Prem Ranjan, and Grace Nengzouzam
19.1 Introduction 369
19.2 Water Resources of NER 372
19.3 Traditional Water Management Techniques in NER 373
19.4 Challenges in the Water Management System 378
19.5 Conclusion 379
Acknowledgment 379
References 379
20 Sustainable Management of Groundwater Along the Foothills Focusing on Mountain Front Recharge: A Global Review and Status with Regard to Indian Context 383
Banajarani Panda, Sabarathinam Chidambaram, Nagappan Ganesh, Subhashree Biswal, and Bedour Alsabti
20.1 Introduction 383
20.2 Estimation Methods 385
20.3 Estimation of MFR 389
20.4 "MFR" Perspectives 390
20.5 Mountain Groundwater Under Climate Change 390
20.6 Major MF Aquifers in India and its Significance in Recharging Groundwater 393
20.7 A Case Study on Hydrochemical Approach to Estimate MFR in Tamil Nadu, India 394
20.8 Conclusion and Future Work 398
Acknowledgment 399
References 399
Index 409
