Preface xi
About the Editors xv
Part I Fundamentals 1
1 Fundamental Understandings of Superamphiphobicity 3
Hui Liu, Qing Xu, Chengyuan Zhang, Jianying Huang, and Yuekun Lai
1.1 Natural Creatures with Special Wettability 3
1.2 Characterization of Wettability 4
1.2.1 Static Contact Angle 4
1.2.2 Contact Angle Hysteresis 6
1.3 The Mechanism for Superamphiphobicity 7
1.3.1 Chemical Composition 7
1.3.2 Special Rough Morphology 12
1.4 Summary and Outlook 15
Acknowledgments 15
References 16
2 Mechanical Durability of Superamphiphobic Surfaces: Fundamentals 21
Lin Liu and Pu Mingjie
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Theory of Wetting 22
2.2.1 Wetting Parameters 22
2.2.2 Wetting Models 22
2.2.3 Categories of Superamphiphobic Mechanical Durability 23
2.3 Mechanical Durability Influenced by Key Parameters 24
2.3.1 Wear Resistance 24
2.3.2 Coating Adhesion 26
2.3.3 Impact Toughness 27
2.4 Common Characterization Methods for Mechanical Durability 27
2.4.1 Nanoscratching Test 27
2.4.2 Abrasion Test 29
2.4.3 Impact Test 30
2.4.4 Washing Test 31
2.4.5 Tape Stripping Test 33
2.5 Strategies to Improve Mechanical Durability 33
2.5.1 Stable Construction to Enhance Mechanical Durability 33
2.5.2 Surface Chemical Modulation to Improve Mechanical Durability 35
2.5.3 Enhancing Binding Force between Substrate and Coating 35
2.5.4 Using Multifunctional Coatings to Strengthen Mechanical Durability 36
2.6 Summary and Outlook 38
References 39
Part II Fabrication 43
3 Advanced Techniques for Fabrication of Superamphiphobic Surfaces 45
Sanjay S. Latthe, Akshay R. Jundle, Pradip P. Gaikwad, Sagar S. Ingole, Rutuja A. Ekunde, Rajaram S. Sutar, Ruimin Xing, and Shanhu Liu
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Fabrication Methods 46
3.2.1 Spray Coating Strategies 46
3.2.2 Electrospinning 51
3.2.3 Etching 53
3.2.4 Lithography 56
3.2.5 Dip Coating 58
3.2.6 Sol-gel Method 62
3.2.7 Template-assisted Synthesis 66
3.3 Conclusion 69
Acknowledgments 69
References 70
4 Superamphiphobic Polymeric Surfaces: Progress and Advances in Fabrication Methods 75
Irshad Kammakakam and Abubakkar Saddeeq
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 The Fabrication of Superamphiphobic Polymeric Surfaces 78
4.2.1 Post-modification of Pre-roughened Substrates 78
4.2.2 Post-roughness of Pre-modified Substrates 86
4.2.3 Introducing Surface Superamphiphobicity in a Single Step 88
4.3 Conclusion and Perspectives 90
References 91
5 Superamphiphobic Surfaces Based on Natural Nanomaterials 97
Junping Zhang, Bucheng Li, Jian Lin, and Jinfei Wei
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces Based on Natural Clay Minerals 98
5.2.1 Attapulgite 99
5.2.2 Halloysite Nanotubes 104
5.2.3 Kaolin 106
5.2.4 Montmorillonite and Other Clay Minerals 108
5.3 Superamphiphobic Surfaces Based on Natural Polymeric Nanomaterials 109
5.4 Superamphiphobic Surfaces Based on Other Natural Materials 111
5.5 Advantages and Challenges 113
5.6 Prospects and Outlook 114
References 115
6 Superamphiphobic Fabrics 123
Ning Tian and Junping Zhang
6.1 Introduction 123
6.2 Design Principles of Superamphiphobic Fabrics 124
6.2.1 Design of Low Surface Energy Materials 124
6.2.2 Design of Surface Structures 125
6.3 Fabrication Methods of Superamphiphobic Fabrics 126
6.3.1 Dip-coating 126
6.3.2 Spray-coating 128
6.3.3 Chemical/Plasma Etching 129
6.3.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition 130
6.4 Testing of Superamphiphobic Fabrics 131
6.5 Functional Applications of Superamphiphobic Fabrics 132
6.5.1 Self-cleaning 132
6.5.2 Flame Retardancy 133
6.5.3 Protective Clothing 134
6.5.4 Antibacterial Properties 136
6.5.5 Oil-Water Separation 137
6.5.6 Antifouling 137
6.6 Challenges and Perspectives 138
References 139
7 Superamphiphobic Surfaces by Electrochemical Processes 145
Frédéric Guittard and Thierry Darmanin
7.1 Introduction 145
7.2 Chemical Etching 146
7.3 Anodizing 148
7.4 Electrodeposition 149
7.4.1 Metals 149
7.4.2 Conducting Polymers (Electropolymerization) 154
7.5 Conclusion 158
References 159
Part III Performances 163
8 Mechanically Durable Superamphiphobic Surfaces 165
Youfa Zhang, Yage Xia, and Xuan Jiao
8.1 Introduction 165
8.2 Enhancement Strategies of Superamphiphobic Surface 167
8.2.1 Organic/Inorganic Binder Reinforcement Superamphiphobic Surface 167
8.2.2 Self-similar Structure Superamphiphobic Surface 170
8.2.3 Framework Structure of a Superamphiphobic Surface 170
8.2.4 Self-repairing Superamphiphobic Surface 172
8.2.5 Coupling Hardness with Softness Superamphiphobic Surface 174
8.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 177
References 178
9 Impalement-resistant Superamphiphobic Surfaces 181
Bucheng Li and Junping Zhang
9.1 Introduction 181
9.2 Impalement-resistant Superamphiphobic Surfaces 182
9.2.1 Special Structures 182
9.2.2 Surface Chemical Enhancement 188
9.3 Applications of Impalement-resistant Superamphiphobic Surfaces 191
9.3.1 Self-cleaning 191
9.3.2 Corrosion Resistance 191
9.3.3 Anti-icing 192
9.3.4 Antibacterial and Antifouling 194
9.3.5 Microfluidic Manipulation 194
9.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 195
References 196
10 Self-healing Superamphiphobic Surfaces 201
Binbin Zhang
10.1 Introduction 201
10.2 Self-healing Methods and Mechanisms 202
10.2.1 Self-healing of Low-surface Energy Substances 202
10.2.2 Releasable Capsule Self-healing 205
10.2.3 Shape-memory Polymer Self-healing 206
10.2.4 Dynamic Reversible Molecular Self-healing 208
10.3 Conclusion and Outlooks 210
Acknowledgments 212
Conflict of Interest 212
References 212
Part IV Applications 217
11 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Anti-icing and De-icing 219
Longquan Chen, Yile Wang, Minglu Dai, Ran Tao, and Yakang Jin
11.1 Static and Dynamic Wetting on Superamphiphobic Surfaces 219
11.1.1 Static Wetting on Superamphiphobic Surfaces 219
11.1.2 Wetting Dynamics on Superamphiphobic Surfaces 221
11.2 Icing and Frosting Phenomena on Solid Surfaces 227
11.2.1 Fundamentals of Droplet Freezing on Solid Surfaces 227
11.2.2 Anti-icing Performance of Superamphiphobic Surfaces 230
11.2.3 Antifrosting Function of Superamphiphobic Surfaces 233
11.3 Ice Adhesion on Superamphiphobic Surfaces 235
11.3.1 Test Methods 235
11.3.2 Icephobic Performance of Superamphiphobic Surfaces 236
11.4 Concluding Remarks 239
References 240
12 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Self-cleaning and Antifouling 249
Parinaz Salehikahrizsangi and Mohamad Reza Nasresfahani
12.1 Introduction 249
12.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Antifouling 250
12.2.1 Marine Equipments 250
12.2.2 Separation Membranes 251
12.2.3 Food Industry 253
12.2.4 Clean Energy Transitions 253
12.2.5 Oil and Gas Industry 254
12.3 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Self-cleaning 255
12.3.1 Optical Devices 255
12.3.2 Medical Equipment 255
12.3.3 Outdoor Surfaces 257
12.3.4 Self-cleaning Fabrics 257
12.4 Current Status and Future Research Directions 257
References 258
13 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Corrosion Protection 263
Jian Li, Xuerui Zhao, Wei Zhang, and Kefan Huang
13.1 Introduction 263
13.2 Applications of Superamphiphobic Surfaces in Corrosion Protection 264
13.2.1 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Metal Corrosion Protection 265
13.2.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Building Material Corrosion Protection 270
13.2.3 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Fabric Corrosion Protection 274
13.2.4 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Other Substrate Corrosion Protection 279
13.3 Conclusion and Outlook 281
References 282
14 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for the Sustained Maintenance of Building Materials 289
Yijian Cao, Cong Wang, Hongyi Chen, and Mara Camaiti
14.1 Building Materials Degradation 289
14.1.1 Phenomena and Mechanisms 289
14.1.2 The Damaging Effects of Water and Water Inhibition 291
14.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Building Materials 292
14.2.1 Considerations and Requirements Concerning Historical Buildings and Stone Artifacts 292
14.2.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Building Materials 293
14.3 Key Bottlenecks and Improvement Strategies 297
14.3.1 Key Bottlenecks 297
14.3.2 Improvement Strategies 301
14.4 Conclusion and Perspective 308
Acknowledgments 308
References 309
Part V Challenges and Prospects 313
15 Current Challenges and Prospects in Superamphiphobic Surfaces Technology 315
Wanshun Deng, Rui Guo, and Shuaijun Pan
15.1 Introduction 315
15.2 Main Challenges of Current SAP Materials 316
15.2.1 Limitations of Current Wetting Model 316
15.2.2 Negative Impacts of Perfluorinated Compounds 317
15.2.3 Mechanical Fragility 319
15.2.4 Chemical Instability 321
15.2.5 Challenges in Scalable Production 323
15.2.6 Other Problems 323
15.3 Future Prospects 325
15.3.1 Utilizing Advanced Technologies in the Development of SAP Materials 325
15.3.2 Environment-friendly Production of SAP Surfaces 327
15.3.3 Stable and Healable SAP Surfaces 328
15.3.4 Interdisciplinary Applications 330
15.4 Conclusion 332
Author Contributions 333
Acknowledgments 333
References 333
Index 339
