Preface xv
1 Biosensor Technology: Basic Principles, Fundamentals, and History 1
Mariyam Thomas, Mathew George, Derry Holaday M. G. and P. J. Jandas
1.1 Introduction 2
References 20
2 Design and Synthesis of Novel Nanomaterials Emphasizing Infectious Diseases 23
Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Antifungal Therapy 26
2.3 Cutting-Edge Advances in Tailoring the Size, Shape, and Functionality of Nanoparticles and Nanostructures 28
2.4 Gold Silver Nanoparticle to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogen 30
2.5 Mechanism of Gold Silver Nanoparticle to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogen 31
2.6 MXenes and Borophene Nanomaterials: Highly Efficient Sensor Activity and Energy Storage Properties 34
2.7 Immunomodulatory Nanosystems 39
2.8 Lateral Flow Assays (LFAs) 40
2.9 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) 43
2.10 Microfluidic Devices: For Detecting Disease-Specific Proteins 45
2.11 Comprehensive Overview of Nanomaterials in the Context of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 47
2.12 Graphene Oxide (GO): A Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterial 55
Conclusion 65
Future Prospect 66
Acknowledgement 67
Authors' Contributions 68
References 68
3 Role of Nanomaterials in the Development of Nanobiosensors for Infectious Diseases 75
Ayyappa Bathinapatla, Ravikumar Mulpuri, Aseena Azeez and Suvardhan Kanchi
3.1 Introduction 76
3.2 Designing Biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 83
3.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 112
References 113
4 Nanobiosensors: Versatile Tool for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 121
Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh
4.1 Introduction 122
4.2 Nanobiosensors as Promising Devices for the Diagnosis of Coronavirus Family Members 123
4.3 Nanobiosensors for Plant Analysis 129
4.4 Three-Way Junctions Skeleton of Biosensor 135
4.5 The SpACE-CCM: Biosensor for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 Interaction 142
4.6 Wearable Biosensor Nano and Microsystems Have Emerged as Innovative Solutions for Medical Diagnostics 146
4.7 Biosensors are Analytical Devices 153
4.8 Conclusion 159
Acknowledgement 160
Authors' Contributions 160
References 160
5 Trends in the Development of Immunosensors for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 173
Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin, Eli José Miranda Ribeiro Júnior, Sam Phinehas Gnana Sekar, Rosa Fireman Dutra and Geanne Matos de Andrade
5.1 Introduction 174
5.2 Immunosensors 178
5.3 Optical Immunosensor 180
5.4 Nanomaterials Immunosensor 183
5.5 Paper-Based Immunosensors 185
5.6 Viral Infectious Diseases 185
5.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 190
Acknowledgements 191
References 191
6 Electrochemical Nanobiosensors Approaches for Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 197
Tahmina Foyez and Abu Bin Imran
6.1 Introduction 198
6.2 Conventional Methods for the Determination of Infectious Pathogens 199
6.3 Building Blocks of Biosensor 202
6.4 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors 206
6.5 Impact of Nanomaterials on Biosensor Performance 209
6.6 Noble Metal Nanomaterials 210
6.7 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials 214
6.8 Carbon Nanomaterials 216
6.9 Polymer Nanomaterials 218
6.10 Bionanomaterials 220
6.11 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 222
Acknowledgement 223
References 223
7 Enzymatic Nanobiosensor Strategies to Contain the Spread of Infectious Diseases 231
Soumendu Patra, Harshita Shand, Swarnab Dutta, Rittick Mondal and Suvankar Ghorai
7.1 Introduction 232
7.2 Components of Enzymatic Biosensor 233
7.3 Enzymatic Nanobiosensors for Pathogen Detection 234
7.4 Nanozymes 235
7.5 Future Aspects 237
References 238
8 Development of Optical Nanosensors for the Detection of Infectious Diseases 241
Ndivhuwo Shumbula, Nosipho Moloto, Phumlane Mdluli and Mbuso Mlambo
8.1 Introduction 242
8.2 Overview of Biosensor 243
8.3 Introduction to Optical Nanosensors 246
8.4 Remarks 262
References 265
9 Aptasensors: Selective and Powerful Tools for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis 279
Seele, P. P., Van der Walt, H., Sibuyi, N.R.S. and Maserumule, M.C.
9.1 Introduction 280
9.2 Aptamers as Selective and Powerful Tools for Diagnostics 281
9.3 Synthesis of Aptamers 288
9.4 Application of Aptasensors in PoC Diagnostics 293
9.5 Aptasensors Impact on Infectious Disease Diagnosis 296
9.6 Drawbacks and Potential Future Work 302
9.7 Conclusions 303
References 303
10 Nanobiosensors: A Platform for the Diagnosis of Microbial Pathogens 315
Ranjita Misra and Naomi Sanjana Sharath
10.1 Introduction 316
10.2 Microbial Pathogens 317
10.3 Diseases Caused by Pathogens 319
10.4 Importance of Pathogen Detection or Disease Diagnosis 320
10.5 Biosensors 322
10.6 Nanobiosensors as Diagnostic Platform 323
10.7 Stabilization of Biomolecules with Nanoparticles 325
10.8 Types of Nanoparticles Used in Biosensor Development 328
10.9 Challenges and Future Prospects 332
Conclusion 333
References 334
11 Micro/Nanofluidics-Integrated Biosensors for Respiratory Viral Diseases Diagnosis 341
Aiswarya Chandrasekaran and G.H.R. Eranga Karunaratne
11.1 Introduction 342
11.2 Common Respiratory Viruses and Their Detection Components 343
11.3 Biosensors 345
11.4 Fluidic Technology 347
11.5 Applications of Micro/Nanofluidic-Based Biosensors in Respiratory Virus Detection 352
11.6 Advantages of Micro/Nanofluidic Diagnosis Tools Over the Other Diagnostic Methods 356
11.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 356
References 357
12 Nanobiosensor System: A Robust Analytical Tool for Pandemics 365
Mohammad Harun-Ur-Rashid, Israt Jahan and Abu Bin Imran
12.1 Introduction 366
12.2 Nanobiosensors for Global Pandemics 369
12.3 Nanobiosensors for COVID-19 375
12.4 Nanobiosensors for Influenza 378
12.5 Nanobiosensors for MERS 381
12.6 Nanobiosensors for HIV/AIDS 383
12.7 Nanobiosensors for Other Human Viruses 385
12.8 Selection and Optimization of Nanomaterials for Nanobiosensors 387
12.9 Current Challenges and Prospective Solutions 391
12.10 Conclusion 392
References 393
13 Biosensing Technologies to Improve Neurological Disease Management 401
Poojith Nuthalapati, Arjun Singh, Brinda Niravkumar Desai, Preeti Reddy Yendapalli, Reethika Gongireddy, Karan Singh, Bhaswanth Bollu and Dheeraj K. Pinninty
13.1 Introduction 402
13.2 Trends, Challenges, and the Disease Burden 404
13.3 CNS Diseases 404
13.4 Utility of Neurobiosensors 405
13.5 The Technology Behind Biosensor Development 406
13.6 Clinical Applications 413
13.7 Conclusion 415
References 416
14 Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Improvement of Disease Diagnostic Systems for Future Outbreaks 423
Busiswa Dyan, Tintswalo N. Mgwenya, Kamogelo S. Setlolamathe, Phumlane S. Mdluli and Nicole R.S. Sibuyi
14.1 Introduction 424
14.2 Infectious Disease Outbreaks 424
14.3 Pandemic-Potential Priority Diseases for Future Outbreaks 432
14.4 Combating Infectious Diseases Through Diagnostics 434
14.5 Nanotechnology in Diagnostics 438
14.6 Conclusion 440
References 441
15 Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanomaterials in the Designing of Tools for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 449
Manju Manuel
15.1 Introduction 450
15.2 An Overview of Nanomaterials in Infectious Disease Diagnosis 451
15.3 Biocompatibility Assessment 453
15.4 Mechanism of Nanoparticles in the Infectious Disease Diagnosis 455
15.5 In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation Methods of Biocompatibility Analysis 458
15.6 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 458
15.7 The Environmental and Health Hazards Caused by Nanoparticles 461
15.8 The Tools Developed for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 462
15.9 Conclusion 464
References 464
16 Strengthening the Health System of the Communities in the Battle Against Infectious Diseases 469
Dinoy Mathew, Anu P. Mathew, Bobby Simon and Ancy Joseph
16.1 Introduction 470
16.2 Primary Healthcare 471
16.3 Impact of COVID-19 on Infectious Diseases and Health Systems 476
16.4 Conclusion 480
References 480
Index 485
