Preface
1. Introduction
1.1 The What and Why of Second Language Acquisition
1.2 Definitions
1.3 The Nature of Language
1.3.1 Semantics
1.3.2 Pragmatics
1.3.3 Syntax
1.3.4 Morphology and the Lexicon
1.3.5 Sound Systems
1.4 The Nature of L2 Knowledge
1.5 Conclusion
Points to Remember
2. A Bit of (Recent) History
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Behaviorism
2.2.1 Linguistic Background
2.2.2 Psychological Background
2.3 Contrastive Analysis
2.4 Error Analysis
2.5 Child Language Acquisition
2.5.1 Child First Language Acquisition
2.5.2 Child L2 Acquisition
2.6 A Change in Perspective
2.7 Morpheme Order Studies
2.7.1 Child L2 Morpheme Order Studies
2.7.2 Adult L2 Morpheme Order Studies
2.8 The Monitor Model
2.8.1 The Acquisition- Learning Hypothesis
2.8.2 The Natural Order Hypothesis
2.8.3 The Monitor Hypothesis
2.8.4 The Input Hypothesis
2.8.5 The Affective Filter Hypothesis
2.8.6 Criticisms of the Monitor Model
2.9 Looking Again at the Role of the L1
2.9.1 Avoidance
2.9.2 Differential Learning Rates
2.9.3 Different Learning Paths
2.9.4 Overproduction
2.9.5 Predictability/ Selectivity
2.9.6 Transfer and Learning of Multiple Languages
2.9.7 L1 Influences in L2 Processing
2.10 Conclusion
Points to Remember
3. Linguistic- based Approaches
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Universal Grammar
3.2.1 UG and Child Language Acquisition
3.2.2 UG and SLA
3.2.3 Access or Not
3.2.4 The Minimalist Program
3.3 Typological Universals
3.4 Phonology
3.5 Functional Approaches
3.5.1 Concept- Oriented Approach
3.5.2 Tense- Aspect
3.6 The Discourse Hypothesis
3.7 Conclusion
Points to Remember
4. The Lexicon
4.1 Introduction: The Significance of the Lexicon
4.2 Lexical Knowledge: What does it Mean to Know a Word?
4.2.1 Production and Reception
4.2.2 Knowledge and Control
4.2.3 Breadth and Depth
4.2.4 Word Associations and Networks
4.2.5 Word Formation
4.2.6 Formulaic Language, Collocations, and Chunking
4.3 Influences on L2 Vocabulary and Development
4.3.1 The Role of the L1
4.3.2 Incidental Vocabulary Learning
4.3.3 What Helps Learning?
4.3.4 Depth of Processing and the Involvement Load Hypothesis
4.3.5 Incremental Vocabulary Learning
4.4 Using Lexical Skills
4.4.1 Production
4.4.2 Perception
4.5 Conclusion
Points to Remember
5. Psycholinguistic Approaches to Learning
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Models of Language Production
5.3 Processability Theory
5.4 Processing of Input
5.4.1 Input Processing
5.4.2 Processing Determinism
5.4.3 Autonomous Induction Theory
5.4.4 Shallow Structure Hypothesis
5.5 Emergentist Models
5.5.1 Competition Model
5.5.2 Frequency- Based Accounts
5.6 Complex Dynamic Systems
5.7 Skill Acquisition Theory
5.8 Information Processing
5.8.1 Automaticity
5.8.2 Restructuring
5.8.3 U- Shaped Learning
5.8.4 Attention
5.8.5 Working Memory
5.8.6 Salience
5.8.7 Priming
5.9 Knowledge Types
5.9.1 Acquisition/ Learning
5.9.2 Declarative/ Procedural
5.9.3 Implicit/ Explicit
5.9.4 Representation/ Control
5.9.5 Interface of Knowledge Types
5.10 Conclusion
Points to Remember
6. Interlanguage in Context
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sociocultural Approaches
6.2.1 Mediation, Regulation, and Internalization
6.2.2 Zone of Proximal Development
6.2.3 Learning in a Sociocultural Framework
6.2.4 Gesture and SLA
6.3 Variationist Approaches
6.3.1 Type I Variation: From Free to Systematic
6.3.2 Type II Variation: Sociolinguistic Variation
6.3.3 Contextual Sources of Variation: Interlocuter, Task Type, and Topic
6.4 Conversation Analysis
6.5 L2 Pragmatics
6.6. Conclusion
Points to Remember
7. Input, Interaction, Output
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Input
7.3 Comprehension
7.4 Interaction
7.5 Output
7.5.1 Receiving Feedback
7.5.2 Hypothesis Testing
7.5.3 Automaticity
7.5.4 Meaning- Based to Grammar- Based Processing
7.6 Feedback
7.6.1 Negotiation
7.6.2 Corrective Feedback
7.6.3 Language- Related Episodes
7.7 Input and Interaction in Language Learning
7.7.1 The Function of Input and Interaction
7.7.2 Effectiveness of Feedback
7.8 Who Benefits from Interaction: When and Why?
7.8.1 Working Memory
7.8.2 Inhibition
7.9 Conclusion
Points to Remember
8. Contexts of Language Learning: Classrooms, Study Abroad, and Technology
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Classroom- Based Instruction
8.2.1 Classroom Language
8.2.2 Teachability/ Learnability
8.2.3 Focus on Form and Task- Based Language Teaching
8.3 Complexity, Accuracy, Fluency, and Planning
8.4 Processing Instruction
8.5 Effectiveness of Instruction
8.6 SLA and Classroom Practices
8.7 Additional Contexts
8.7.1 Study Abroad
8.7.2 Technology- Enhanced Language Learning
8.8 Conclusion
Points to Remember
9. The Individual Language Learner
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Influence of Psychology in SLA
9.3 Methodological Considerations
9.4 Age Differences
9.5 Aptitude
9.6 Motivation
9.6.1 Motivation as a Function of Time and Success
9.6.2 Changes over Time
9.6.3 The L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS)
9.7 Affect
9.7.1 Anxiety
9.7.2 Other Emotional Variables
9.8 Personality
9.8.1 Extroversion and Introversion
9.8.2 Grit
9.9 Learning Strategies
9.10 Conclusion
Points to Remember
10. Related Disciplines
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Bilingual Acquisition
10.3 Third Language Acquisition/ Multilingualism
10.3.1 Typological Primacy Model and Transfer
10.3.2 Property- By- Property Transfer
10.3.3 The Ln Lexicon
10.3.4 Other sources of Ln Transfer
10.4 Heritage Language Acquisition
10.5 SLA by the Deaf/ Hard of Hearing
10.6 Conclusion
Points to Remember
Glossary
References 319
Author Index 409
Subject Index 410
