Preface xix
1 Design and Manufacturing of High-Performance Green Composites Based on Renewable Materials 1
Katharina Resch, Andrea Klein, Silvia Lloret Pertegás and Ralf Schledjewski
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Bio-Based Epoxy Matrix - State of the Art 3
1.3 Curing of Bio-Based Epoxy Resins - an Ecological Approach 10
1.4 Natural Fibers 12
1.4.1 Mechanical Performance of Bast Fibers 12
1.5 Processing Routes 14
1.6 Applications and Requirements 17
1.7 Concluding Remarks 18
Acknowledgement 18
References 18
2 Manufacturing of High Performance Biomass-Based Polyesters by Rheological Approach 25
Masayuki Yamaguchi
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Linear Viscoelastic Properties 26
2.3 Enhancement of Crystallization Rate 32
2.4 Rheological Modification for Marked Melt Elasticity 38
2.5 Conclusion 44
Acknowledgments 44
References 45
3 Design of Fibrous Composite Materials for Saving Energy 49
Zuzana Murèinková, Vladimír Kompi, Pavel Adamèík, Slavomír Dobroviè and Jaromír Murèinko
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Microtermomechanical Fiber Composites Behavior 54
3.3 Industrial Applications - Case Studies 74
3.4 Conclusions 87
References 88
4 Design and Manufacturing of Bio-Based Sandwich Structures 93
Maya Jacob John
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Bio-Based Core Materials 95
4.3 Manufacture of Sandwich Panels 99
4.4 Recent Studies on Bio-Based Sandwich Panels 101
4.5 Applications of Bio-Based Sandwich Panels 107
4.6 Conclusions 108
References 108
Contents vii
5 Design and Manufacture of Biodegradable Products from Renewable Resources 111
Mahmoud M. Farag
5.1 Introduction 111
5.2 Materials and Processes for Biodegradable Composites 112
5.3 Performance of Biodegradable Composites Under Service Conditions 116
5.4 Case Studies 118
References 129
6 Manufacturing and Characterization of Quicklime (CaO) Filled ZA-27 Metal Alloy Composites for Single-Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing 133
Amar Patnaik, I.K.Bhat and Swati Gangwar
6.1 Introduction 133
6.2 Experimental Details 134
6.3 Result and Discussions 144
6.4 Conclusions 154
Acknowledgement 155
References 155
7 Manufacturing of Composites From Chicken Feathers and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 159
Diana Samantha Villarreal Lucio, José Luis Rivera-Armenta, Valeria Rivas-Orta, Nancy Patricia Díaz-Zavala, Ulises Páramo-García, Nohra Violeta Gallardo Rivas and María Yolanda Chávez Cinco
7.1 Introduction 159
7.2 Experimental 164
7.3 Results and Discussion 165
7.4 Conclusions 172
Acknowledgments 172
References 172
8 Production of Porous Carbons from Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Gels: Applications 175
Luciano Tamborini, Paula Militello, Cesar Barbero and Diego Acevedo
8.1 Introduction 175
8.2 Synthesis of Aerogels 178
8.3 Polymeric Gels From Renewable Raw Materials 180
8.4 Carbonization of Polymeric Resins 182
8.5 Drying the Polymeric Gel 182
8.6 Gel Stabilization 185
8.7 Pyrolysis of R-F Resins 188
8.8 Applications of the Gels 188
8.9 Conclusions 191
References 192
9 Composites Using Agricultural Wastes 197
Taha Ashour
9.1 Introduction 197
9.2 Natural Fibres Classification 200
9.3 Types of Plant Fibres 201
9.4 Composite Mechanical Properties 211
9.5 Industry Process of Some Biocomposites Using Agricultural Wastes 217
References 235
10 Manufacturing of Rice Waste-Based Natural Fiber Polymer Composites from Thermosetting vs. Thermoplastic Matrices 241
Altaf H. Basta, Houssni El-Saied and Mohamed S. Hassanen
10.1 General Introduction 241
10.2 Scope Survey of Agro-Based NFPC Composites 243
10.3 Optimizing the Conditions for Production of High Performance Natural Fiber Polymer Composites 248
Acknowledgment 258
References 259
11 Thermoplastic Polymeric Composites and Polymers: Their Potentialities in a Dialogue Between Art and Technology 263
Thais H. Sydenstricker Flores-Sahagun, Nivaldo Rodrigues Carneiro and Danelia Lee Flores-Sahagun
11.1 Introduction 263
11.2 Organic Beauty in 1998 265
11.3 Organic Beauty and Other Sculptures in 2014 268
11.4 Laboratory Experiences 276
11.5 Final Remarks 282
Acknowledgments 285
References 285
12 Natural Fiber Reinforced PLA Composites: Effect of Shape of Fiber Elements on Properties of Composites 287
Tibor Alpár, Gábor Markó and László Koroknai
12.1 Introduction 287
12.2 Natural Reinforcers 290
12.3 Element Morphology 293
12.4 Continuous Fiber Reinforced PLA Composite 305
References 309
13 Rigid Closed-Cell PUR Foams Containing Polyols Derived from Renewable Resources: The Effect of Polymer Composition, Foam Density, and Organoclay Filler on their Mechanical Properties 313
M. Kirpluks, L. Stiebra, A. Trubaca-Boginska, U. Cabulis and J. Andersons
13.1 Introduction 313
13.2 Experimental 318
13.3 Modeling the Mechanical Properties of Foams 321
13.4 Results and Discussion 325
13.5 Conclusions 335
Acknowledgement 336
References 336
14 Preparation and Application of the Composite From Alginate 341
Zhou Zhiyu, Xiao Kecen and Chen Yu
14.1 Introduction 341
14.2 Composites from Alginate and Natural Polymers 342
14.3 Composites from Alginate and Synthetic Polymers 351
14.4 Composites from Alginate and Biomacromolecules 356
14.5 Composites from Alginate and Inorganic Components 359
14.6 Composites from Alginate and Carbon Materials 364
14.7 Composites from Alginate and Clays 366
References 367
15 Recent Developments in Biocomposites of Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin 377
G M Arifuzzaman Khan, Nazire Deniz Yilmaz and Kenan Yilmaz
15.1 Introduction 377
15.2 History of B. mori Silk 378
15.3 Chemical Composition of B. mori Silk 379
15.4 Properties of B. mori Silk 382
15.5 Extraction of Silk Fibroin by Degumming Process 386
15.6 Regenerated Fibroin Solution 388
15.7 Silk Fibroin Hydrogels 389
15.8 Methods of SF-based Biocomposite Production 389
15.9 Silk Fibroin-Based Biocomposites 392
15.10 Conclusion 400
References 400
16 Design and Manufacturing of Natural Fiber/Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites 411
Asim Shahzad and R. S. Choudhry
16.1 Introduction 411
16.2 Natural Fiber/Synthetic Fiber Hybrid Composites 421
16.3 Applications and Future Outlook 440
16.4 Conclusions 440
References 441
17 Natural Fibre Composite Strengthening Solution for Structural Beam Component for Enhanced Flexural Strength, as Alternatives to CFRP and GFRP Strengthening Techniques 449
Tara Sen
17.1 Introduction 449
17.2 Materials 454
17.3 Mechanical Characterization of Natural and Artificial Frp Composites 456
17.4 RC Beam Strengthening Rechnique Using Natural and Artificial FRP Composite Systems 458
17.5 Experimentation and Analysis of Results 461
17.6 Conclusions 468
References 470
18 High Pressure Resin Transfer Moulding of Epoxy Resins from Renewable Sources 475
Salvatore Mannino, Alberta Latteri, Giuseppe Saccullo, Rey Banatao, Stefan Pastine and Gianluca Cicala
18.1 Introduction 475
18.2 Experimental 480
18.3 Results and Discussions 483
18.4 Conclusions 487
Acknowledgements 487
References 487
19 Cork-Based Structural Composites 489
António Torres Marques, Paulo Nóvoa, Marcelo Moura and Albertino Arteiro
19.1 Introduction: Cork as a Sustainable Resource 489
19.2 Cork as a Structural Material 490
19.3 Fibers and Matrices 494
19.4 Core Cork Sandwich Concepts 494
19.5 Damage Tolerant Structures with Cork 509
19.6 Processing Techniques 511
19.7 Design Philosophy 511
19.8 Conclusions and Challenges 512
References 512
20 The Use of Wheat Straw as an Agricultural Waste in Composites for Semi-Structural Applications 515
Carlo Santulli
20.1 Introduction 515
20.2 Application of Wheat Straw in Composites 518
20.3 Future Developments 524
20.4 Conclusions 527
References 528
21 Design and Manufacturing of Sustainable Composites 533
Alencar Bravo and Darli Vieira
21.1 Introduction to Ecological Composite Design 533
21.2 Design Principles for a Sustainable Composite 557
21.3 Summary of Available Composite Manufacturing Processes 569
21.4 Techniques for Improving the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Composites 580
Acronym List 589
References 590
